动名词

		相当于名词，可做主语、宾语、表语具有动词特征，有自己的宾语，有时态语态变化，也可保留逻辑主语

5.1 动名词的作用（一）：作主语

动名词作主语一般直接放在句首，谓语用单数。

5.1.1 动名词位于句首作主语

	Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.Gettign mad at others means other people are getting cntrol of my emotions！Using the mass media to point the finger at China will not help get the global deal we need to avert climatechange disaster. Not only have rich countries historically caused the problem, but they are also imprting emissions from the developing world.--I studied French in high school but I never really learned it until I spent the summer in Paris.--Really using a language makes all the difference, doesn't it?Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength; while loving someone deeply gives you courage.No man is an isolated island. Your cicle of friends is there to give you moral support. Spending time and engaging in worthwhile activities with them could give you a very satisfying feeling. Nothing feels better thanhaving group support.Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.Attributing emotion to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism.

5.1.2 动名词位于句末作主语

特定句型
一、句型一： It is no good/no use doing sth.
可替换：any/some good, any/some/no use, a waste of time
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
Is it any good trying to explain?
It’s not much use my buying salmon if you don’t like fish.
It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
二、句型二：there is no point/use/good (in) doing sth
There is no point in my going out to date someone. I might really like if I met him at the time,
but who, right now, has no chance of being anything to me but a transitional man.
But there is little use in hurrying to get there.
三、句型三：there is no doing sth
equal： It’s impossible to do sth. or we can’t do sth
There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.
There is no knowing the future.
= It’s impossible to know the future.
= We can’t know the future.
其他句型: There is no denying the fact that…, there is no gainsaying the fact that… 毋庸置疑

5.2 动名词的作用（二）：作宾语

5.2.1 在动词后面作宾语

	这些动词后面常用动名词：admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, 
discuss, dislike, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse,fancy, favor, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, 
give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practice, 
prohibit, put off, resent, resist, risk, can't stand, suggest, tolerate, understand等Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof.Being a bad-tempered man, he would not tolerate having his lectures interrupted.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.They are considering buying the house before the prices go up.She was so angry that she felt like throwing something at him.I can't imagine saying goodbye to the horses. It's become my way of life for the last three years.Richard Doran, a professional radio host in China, remains skeptical that such shows are actually improving
mutual understanding. "They still ask if we know how to use chopsticks," he says. "Can you imagine a 
European television putting a Pakistani immigrant family on television and asking if they'd learned to use 
a knife and fork yet?I will overlook your being so rude to my sister this time but don't let it happen again.

5.2.2 在介词后面作宾语

介词后面不能直接用动词原形作宾语，必须改为动名词

to

作为不定式的小品词——后面接动词原形
作为介词——后面接动名词
所以遇到 to要弄清楚它是作为介词还是不定式
常见接动名词的介词 to 短语：
look forward to, object to, be/get used to, prefer doing to doing, in addition to, be accustomed to do/doing, amount to doing, take to doing, devote…to doing/be devoted to doing, dedicate… to doing/be dedicated to doing, be averse to doing, be opposed to doing,
get round to doing, the alternative/approach/solution to doing

	I am looking forward to hearing from you.I am used to sleeping with lights on.I am accustomed to sleeping with the lights on.The students object to increasing their tuition.After a long delay I finally got round to making inquiries into the matter.As an alternative to using a single-occupancy vehicle, carpooling involves two to five commuters sharing a 
vehicle. The more people in a carpool, the greater the savings. Depending on the arrangements made, one 
person can do all the driving and be reimbursed by the riders.Carpooling can limit use of personal vehicle for daily commuting, reduce air pollution, save time by using 
High Occupancy Vehicle Lane and provide useable time for riders——read, sleep, work and talk. It is also
a viable solution for employees who do not drive.Carpooling can be encouraged through computerized matching of riders with similar commute patterns 
and preference.Many people don't understand the difference between idle time and leisure time. Idle time amounts to
wasting or stealing time; leisure time is earned. Procrastinating amounts to not working.

5.2.3 在特定的句型中作宾语

一、做某事遇到了麻烦/困难

			difficultytroubleproblem(a lot of) funhave	(lots of) pleasure		(in) doing stha hard timea good timea difficult tiemWoman: How do you find your new apartment?
Man: Well, it's quite nice really, although I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place.

与 how did you find 的区别

A：We are having all kinds of trouble finding a new apartment for next year. What about you?
B:  My roommate and I decided that this year we'd stay put.A: You certainly have a lot of clocks. There seems to be one in every room.
B: My family gave them to me because I have trouble keeping track of the time.A: I had a hard time fetting through this novel.
B: I know how you feel. Who can remenber the names of 35 different characters.A: I'm having a hard time keeping up my biology class. I'm seriously considering hiring a tutor.
B: A word of advice, don't make a mistake I made last semester and wait until after the midterm exam to do it.When we moved to Canada a few years ago, we had a hard time communiocationg with foreigners, so we started to 
read a lot of English books and magazines to improve  our conversation and listening skills.They turn the volume up full blast and begin to party. The music is so loud that we have a hard time carrying 
on a conversation without raising our voices.I have learned, however, that change always seems more difficult at the outset, and if I work hard at remaining
positive and view changes as opportunity to grow, I have an easier time dealing with them.

注意下列短语后面要接不定式
take the trouble to do sth. trouble to do sth, have (no) time to do something

	I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.

二、 表示情不自禁你、不得不

	can't help doing, 		can't resist doing,		can't keep from doing,		can't hold back from doingcan't keep back from doing No one can help likng Tom, he is such a cute boy.

意思不变，但接动词原形
can’t help but do, can’t but do, can’t choose but do
三、其他句型结构
be worth doing
主动形式表达被动含义

	The book is worth reading.

be worthy of being done/to be done

5.3 动名词的作用（三）：作表语

直接放在 be动词后面，补充说明句子的具体内容

His hobby is collecting stamps.
Readng is permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer.

5.4 动名词的作用（四）：作定语

放在被修饰的名词前面，表示用途

	a sleeping cara reading roooma swimming pool

5.5 动名词的逻辑主语

5.5.1 动名词复合结构构成

物主代词 his 或 所有格名词 Tom‘s 与动名词连用，即构成动名词的复合结构
引出动名词的逻辑主语

1) Clint insisted on reading the letter.			//克林特坚持要看信
2) Clint insisted on my reading the letter.			//克林特坚持要我看信
// 1)句子的主语充当动名词reading的逻辑主语，即“Clint看了信”
// 2）my才是reading的逻辑主语，即“我看了信”1) I object to making private calls on this phone.
2) I object to his making private calls on this phone.1) Would you mind telling us the whole story?
2) Would you mind Tom's telling us the whole story?The  eye of an animal is quite easy to see. How then can the eyes be prevented from spoiling the animal's blending with its environment? One solution would be for the animal to keep its eyes closed when danger threatens.

某些情况，可直接采用宾格代词（如 me和 him）或普通格名词（如 Tom和 his wife）

	That yearning for study was still there. I came here with no thought of it being an unusual thing at all.Romantc love is very much a part of American culture. Movies, TV shows and books in America all
picture ple falling in love. Americans know no romance is perfect, but still they try to find the ideal person.Physically and mentally woman are by far the superior to men. The old chestnut about women being more 
emotional than men has been forever destroyed by the facts of two great wars.

5.5.2 所有格还是普通格？

一、若动名词的复合结构在句子中作主语，最好用所有格形式

	Tom's refusing to accept the invitation upset me.His refusing to accept the invitation upset me.

二、动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，用普通格和所有格均可

	Do you mind me/my making a suggestion?I am annoyed about John/John's forgetting to pay.I remenber him once offering to help us if we ever got into treuble.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the
experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to
make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste
in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an 
outsider making disparaging ramarks about their canteen or their chairman.

三、当动名词的逻辑主语时无生命的“物”而不是“人”时，最好用普通格

	The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.In the event of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.The young leading the young, is like the blind leading the blind; "They will both fall into the ditch."
The only sure guide is he who has often gone the road which you want to go. Let me be that guide,
who have gone all roads, and who can consequently point out to you the best.

四、当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词（如 someone、 anyone、 everyone等）时，最好用普通格

	He was awakened by someone knocking on the door.

五、当动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构成时，最好用普通格

	There is no point any one of us arguing with him.I've always had in my mind a dream of my father, mother and I living together.Do you remenber John and his father coming to see us last Christmas?Can you imagine a European television station putting a Pukistani immigrant family on television
and asking if they'd learned to use a knife and fork yet?

5.5.3 动名词复合结构的用法

这种结构常在句中作主语或宾语
一、用作主语

	Tom's coming home at last was a great consolationThe young leading the young, is like the blind leading the blind; "They will both fall into the ditch." The only
sure guide is he who has often gone the road which you want to go. Let me be that guide, who have gone 
all roads, and who can consequently point out to you the best.

二、用作动词的宾语

	Do you mind my making a suggestion?Would you mind Tom's telling us the whole story?Can you imagine a European television station putting a Pakisitani immigrant family on television and asking
if they'd learned to use a knife and fork yet?As an alternative to using a single-occupancy vehicle, carpooling involves two to five commuters sharing a
vehicle. The more people in a carpool, the greater the savings. Depending on the arrangments made, one
person can do all the driving and be reimbursed by the riders.

三、用作介词的宾语

	Our discussion of earthquakes would be incomplete if we didn't raise the possibility of their being caused by
external forces.Clint insisted on my reading the letter.What are the chances of a sleepwalker's committing a murder or doing something else extraordinary in his sleep?When I was a child, I would take a flashlight to bed with me so that I could read comic books without my 
parents' knowing about it.

5.6 动名词的时态和语态（一）：被动式（being done）

5.6.2 动名词的被动式

当动名词所修饰的名词或代词在意义上是充当动名词动作的承受者，或者说是作动名词的逻辑宾语时，动名词要用被动形式

	He narrowly escaped eing run over.There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.I still remenber being taken to the zoo for the first time.I remenber my parents' taking me to the zoo for the first time.// 1)动名词being taken修饰主语 I，二者被动关系// 2）动名词复合结构，my parents’ taking，二者主动关系，所以动名词用主动结构I have not the least objection to the child being  punished.//动名词的复合结构，二者时被动关系，所以动名词用被动结构The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also 
dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument. The earth
is known to go through cycles although; the past has never produced an age of 
so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced. A 
major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels but, other
gases, such as, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, have also contributed.

5.6.3 主动形式表示被动意思

但是，在 demand, deserve, need, require, want 等动词后面，主动形式表示被动的意思，不需要动名词的被动形式

	The garden needs watering.He deserved praising.Your hair wants cutting. You'd better have it done tomorrow.The steak is raw. It needs cooking more before I can eat it.

后面也可接不定式，但必须用动词不定式的被动形式

	The garden needs to be watered.He deserved to be praised.Your hair wants to be cut. You'd better have it done tomorrow.The steak is raw. It needs to be cooked more before I can eat it.

比较

	He deserves shooting first.		//他应该第一个被枪毙He deserves to shoot first.		//他应该第一个开始射击// 1) 动名词是主动形式表达被动含义，所以shooting是“被射击”改成不定式 He deserves to be shot first.// 2）不定式采用主动形式，即表示“他应该第一个开始射击”

5.7 动名词的时态和语态（二）：完成时（having done）

5.7.1 动名词的完成主动式

动名词的完成时表明动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前
尤其是当动名词的动作是在谓语之前的一段较长时间内持续的情况

	Reserch by Petplan, a British insurance company, found that 35 percent of its customers 
admitted to having taken time off work to look after pets or settle new animals.He denied having been there.= He denied that he had been there.He regretted not having gone to university.I repented having shot the bird.I have  always regretted not having studied harder at school.The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of the company.

5.7.2 动名词的完成被动式

	As they backed out of my drive way I stared at Jonathon's face. His eyes were sunk in 
and deep in the sockets. I knew it would take him many years to get over never having
been loved. He was now free to make a life for himself and to make choices on his own.I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.

Exercise

1)Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ___(creat) in a short period of time.
2)Mark often attempts to escape____(fine) whenever he breaks trafic regulations.// 1）civilization与creat是被动关系，且“文明的创建”发生在be thought of as之前很长时间发生，故用完成时。完成被动式的动名词		having been created
// 2）Mark与fine是被动关系，罚款表示一般的情况，并不是发生在谓语动作之前，所以用一般式一般被动式的动名词		being fined

5.8 there be的不定式与动名词形式

5.8.1 there be的动名词形式

多用于介词后面
He spoke of there being danger. //有介词of，该用动名词

	No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.Do not bet on there being many marriages in China that began with love at first sight.
most Chinese marry for practical—not romantic—reason. That is the conclusion of a
four -year study sponsored by the Ford Foundation of New York City.

5.8.2 there be 的不定式形式

用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面或介词 for 后面

	I don't mean there to be may unpleasantness.I don't want there to be any misunderstanding on this point.The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exam.