paramount: moreimportant than anything else  最重要的；首要的

7.   The dilemma posed by modern medical technologyhas created the growing new discipline of bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medicalschools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only adecade ago.

这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。如今，全美127家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。

pose: exist in away that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty, etc. 提出；引起；造成

bioethics  n. the study connected with life and livingthings of what is morally right and what is not 生物伦理学

10. More than a dozen states recognize “livingwills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolonglife by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illnessbecomes hopeless.

十几个州认可病患的“生存意愿”，即病患指示医生，如果病症医治无望则通过静脉注射或其他方式中止其生命。

prolong:  v. deliberately make something last longer;to extend 延长；延伸

intravenously  through or into a vein (=tube in the bodytaking blood back to the heart) 通过静脉地；静脉内地

11. Despite progress in society’s understanding ofdeath and dying, thorny issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflictedby the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive strokeand is found unconscious by her family.

尽管社会对于生死的理解有所进步，棘手的问题仍然存在。例如：一位87岁的老妪因受帕金森氏病神经系统紊乱病痛的折磨，严重中风，家人发现她已昏迷不醒。

thorny: a. causingdifficulty; complicated and difficult  棘手的；复杂困难的

afflict: affectsomeone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer 使苦恼；折磨；困扰

12. Ethicists alsofear that under the guise of medical decisions not to treat certainpatients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptanceof euthanasia.

伦理学家也担心，有了对某些特定疾病不予治疗的决定做幌子，死亡可能会变得太容易了，会将整个国家推至接受安乐死的境地。

guise n.: the waysomeone or something appears to be, which hides the truth or is only temporary 表现形式；外观；伪装

14. At the other end of the life span, technology has sorevolutionized newborn care that it is no longer clear when human life is viableoutside the womb.

在生命中的另一端，科技发展变革了新生儿救治技术，我们也不清楚人的生命何时可以在子宫外得以存活。

span: the lengthof time over which someone's life, ability to pay attention to sth, etc.continues

viable: able tocontinue to exist as or develop into a living being; able to succeed inoperation能继续生存的；能存活的；切实可行的

15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives tonew medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge withpermanent physical and mental handicaps.

不过对于那些借助医学新进展而得以存活的婴儿而言，存活是要付出代价的。许多存活者都患有永久性的生理或心理残疾。

handicap: mentaland physical disability 生理或智力缺陷；残疾

16. “But I feelstrongly that retardationor the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good groundsfor allowing an infant to die.”

“但我坚持认为，那种智力迟钝、有缺陷不足以成为任由一个婴儿死亡的理据。”

retardation  the process of making something happen ordevelop more slowly than it should; slowness in mental development 迟缓；阻滞；迟钝

如今，医生们需要解决的问题不仅仅是谁应该接受治疗，还包括应该何时终止治疗，这引发了不予治疗的趋向

grapple v.: fightor struggle with someone, holding them tightly; try hard to deal with orunderstand something difficult

22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethicshas moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us thatwe don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr.Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talking about money.”

最近几年，关于医疗伦理规范的争执已经上升到了国家政策的层次。“这才让我们幡然醒悟，我们没有取之不尽的资源。”华盛顿医院中心的医生林奇说，“说到伦理道德，就自然要谈到钱。”

23. Since 1972, Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to ataxpayer-supported, kidney-dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapyto all patients with kidney failure.

自1972年以来，美国肾衰竭患者均可以参与由纳税人所支持的肾透析治疗项目，该项目为所有肾衰竭病患提供了延续生命的疗法。

25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy,the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, makingthe choice of to treat or not to treat the basic question in modernmedicine.

当医学家正在向治疗的尖端领域推进之时，医生和病患等相关人士仍将面临越来越多的道德两难境地，致使继续治疗还是放弃治疗的抉择成为现代医学的一个基本问题。

Unit4

1. Westerncultures is based on a perception of objects in space, rather than of spaceitself. Westerners perceive shapes and dimensions, in which space isa realmof light, color, sight, and touch.

西方许多国家对空间的意识是基于对物体在空间的感觉，而不是对空间本身的感觉。西方人对形状和维度的感觉，就是空间是一种光线、颜色、视觉和触觉的领域。

perceive: tounderstand or think of something or someone in a particular way 感知，理解

realm: a generalarea of knowledge, activity, or thought 领域；场所；范畴 One possible source of change lies in the politicalrealm.

It was only whenthe intellectually crude Roman culture became influenced by theabstract thinking of Greek culture that the Latin language developed asignificant vocabulary of abstract, non-spatial terms.

一直到这种在知性上不成熟的古罗马文化受到希腊文化抽象思维的影响的时候，拉丁语才发展出一套意义重大的词汇—抽象的非空间术语。

crude adj. simpleand not skillfully done or made; undeveloped, unripe or immature; offensive orrude, especially in a sexual way 粗糙的，不成熟的，粗俗的

But the earlyRoman-Latin element of spatial consciousness, of concreteness, has beenmaintained in Western thought and language patterns, even though the Greek capacityfor abstract thinking and expression was also inherited.

但是空间意识和具体化的古罗马—拉丁成分已经在西方思维和语言模式中保存了下来，尽管也继承了希腊人的抽象思维和表达能力。

capacity: someone’s ability to do something 能力，才能

inherit v. toreceive (property or a title, for example) from an ancestor by legal successionor will; to receive or take over from a predecessor 继承；接受；遗传

2. However, somecultural-linguistic systems developed in the opposite direction, that is, froman abstract and subjective vocabulary to a more concrete one.

然而，有些文化语言系统朝着相反的方向发展，就是从一套抽象、主观的词汇发展到一套更为具体的词汇。

Thus althoughAmericans are taught to perceive and react to the arrangement of objects inspace and to think of space as being “wasted” unless it is filled with objects,the Japanese are trained to give meaning to space itself and to value “empty”space.

因此，虽然美国人被教导在空间中感知物体的排列和做出反应，会认为除非空间中充满物体，否则就是“被浪费了”，而日本人却被训练为对空间本身赋予意义，对“空旷”的空间赋予价值。

3. We can also seecross-culturalvarieties of spatial perception when we look at arrangements of urban space indifferent Western cultures.

当我们观察西方不同文化中城市规划的时候，还体会各种各样跨文化空间的感觉。

cross-cultural: a.comparing or dealing with two or more different cultures 跨文化的

When Americanswalk in a city like Paris, which is laid out with the main streets radiatingfrom centers, they often get lost.

当美国人在像巴黎这样的城市漫步时，他们往往会迷路。因为巴黎的街道是从中央辐射开来的

It is amazing toAmericans how anyone gets around, yet Parisians seem to do well.

美国人对当地人如何能够到处行走大为疑惑，而巴黎人却显得行动自如。

Thus Paris is thecenter of France, French government and educational systems are highly centralized,and in French offices the most important person has his or her desk in themiddle of the office.

因此巴黎是法国的中心，法国政府和教育系统高度集中。在法国人的办公室里，最重要人物的办公桌就摆在其中央。

centralize: toorganize the control of a country, organization, or system so that everythingis done or decided in one place 集中；中央集权

4. Any intrusionof one activity into a space that it was not designed for is immediately feltas inappropriate.

任何活动，一旦跨越其特定空间，人们立刻就会觉得不合事宜。

Intrusion n. anunwanted event or person in a situation that is private 闯入；侵犯

The function ofspace in India, both in public and in private places, is connected withconcepts of superiorityand inferiority.

印度的公共和私人场所在功能上均有优劣的概念。

Superiority  n. state of being superior 优越；优秀；优胜

Inferiority  n. state of being inferior下等；劣等；劣势

Spaces in Indiaare segregatedso that high casteand low caste, males and females, secular and sacred activities are kept apart.

印度的空间是给隔离开来的，以便社会等级高的和等级低的、男的和女的、世俗的和神圣的活动都分隔开来进行。

Segregate v. causeto become separate or take apart, often for social reasons and especiallybecause of race or sex 隔离

Caste n. socialclass that exhibits racial characteristics 世袭阶级；社会等级；社会地位

Secular a. worldlyrather than spiritual; not having any connection with religion 现世的；世俗的

Sacred a.considered to be holy and deserving respect, esp because of a connection withGod or a god; connected with religion 神圣的；庄严的

Ruth Freed, ananthropologist who worked in India, found that Indian families living inChandigarh modified their apartments by using curtains to separate the men’sand women’s spaces.

在印度工作的人类学家鲁思·弗里德发现，居住在昌迪加尔城的许多印度家庭都改造了他们的公寓，用窗帘把男人和女人的空间隔离开来。

Chandigarhapartments, however, were built with large windows, reflecting the Europeanvalue of light and sun, so many Chandigarh families pasted paper over thewindows to recreate the privacy of the traditional courtyard.

然而，昌迪加尔城的公寓大楼, 建有很多宽敞的窗户，从而折射出欧洲人对光线与阳光的重视。而许多昌迪加尔城的家庭却把窗户玻璃上糊满了纸张以便重建传统式院落的隐私空间。

Freed suggeststhat these traditional Indian patterns may represent an adaptation to a densely populatedenvironment.

弗里德认为这些传统的印度模式也许反映出人们对人口密集型环境的一种适应。

Adaptation n.action or process of adapting or being adapted 适应；适应性；适应性变化

5. In the English language,any noun for a location or a space may be used on its own and given its owncharacteristics without any reference being made to another location or space.

在英语中，任何表示地点或者空间的词都可以单独使用，能呈现出各自的特征而无需任何参照。

Hollow spaces likerooms, chambers, or halls in Hopi are concepts that are meaningful only inrelation to other spaces.

霍皮语中像“房间”、“居室”或“大厅”这些表示空洞空间的概念只有跟其他空间关联时才具有意义。

This pattern ofspatial perception among the Hopi seems to be similar to their pattern of timeperception, in which periods of time are not seen as separate pieces ofduration, as they are in the Western cultures, but are integrated as pieces ofa connectedpattern.

霍皮人的这种空间感觉模式似乎与他们对时间的感觉模式相似。在西方文化中，各时段被认为是时间延续过程中的独立片段，而在霍皮语中却要将各时段连结成连续统一体。

6. Spatialperceptions may be adaptations to specific environments: the degree ofpopulation density; the amount of arable land; the absence or existence ofnatural barriers such as the sea or mountains; the amount of distinguishinglandmarks in a region.

空间观也许是对特定环境的适应：人口稠密的程度、耕地的多少、像海与山这样的天然屏障的有无以及一个地区特征性陆标的多少。

The Eskimos mustlearn to make careful distinctions among different spatial elements, as theirlives may literally depend on these distinctions when they are hunting far fromhome.

他们得学会区分各空间元素之间的细微差别，因为这是他们远离家园外出打猎时赖以生存的技能。

7. In somecultures a significant aspect of spatial perception is shown by the amount of“personal space” people need between themselves and others to feel comfortableand not crowded.

某些文化对于空间感觉的一个重要方面就体现于人们所需的彼此感觉舒适却又不觉拥挤的“私人空间”。

People fromdifferent cultures, therefore, may unconsciously infringe on each other’s sense ofspace.

因此，不同文化的人可能会无意间侵犯别人的空间感。

Infringe v. to actin a way that is against (a law) or that limits (someone’s rights or freedom); to break or violate 破坏，侵犯，违反

Unit5

Mentionill-mannered children and most people roll their eyes at the memory of a little hellionand his boorishparents.

When talking aboutchildren of bad manners, most people will show their annoyance by moving their eyes around in a circleand recall a trouble-makingboy and his rudeparents.

一提到无礼的孩子, 大多数人都会因回想起惹是生非的小孩以及其粗鄙的父母而皱起眉头。

roll one's eyes:move one’s eyes round and upwards, especially in order to show that one isannoyed

hellion n.disorderly or troublesome person 惹事生非的人；捣蛋鬼

boorish a.resembling or characteristic of a boor; rude and clumsy in behavior; vulgar 粗野的

1. Before everyevening’s presentation,my husband and I instructed our three-year-old son to sit quietly. Except foran occasional whispered question, he sat in rapt attention.

每天晚上电影放映之前，我和丈夫都教育三岁大的儿子坐好别说话。除了偶尔小声问问题外，他都全神贯注地坐着。

presentation n.the act of performing sth in front of an audience 表演；演出

rapt a. givingcomplete attention or showing complete involvement; (of attention)complete  全神贯注的

3. The father regardedme coolly. “We’ve paid for the use of the inn’s facilities,” he said. “Our childrencan go anywhere they please!”

那位父亲冷冷地看着我。“我们对使用客栈的设施付过钱了，”他说，“我们的孩子想去哪里就去哪里。”

regard: look atattentively; observe closely; gaze 打量，仔细观察

facility n.buildings, equipment and services provided for a particular purpose; sth thatfacilitates an action or process 设施，设备

4. I was dumbfounded.What could make a seemingly rational couple condone behavior that was soobviously rude?

我顿时目瞪口呆。这对夫妻看上去挺讲道理的，是什么让他们能够容忍如此明显的不礼貌行为呢？

dumbfounded a. soshocked and surprised that one cannot speak 惊呆的；目瞪口呆的

seemingly: inappearance; apparently 表面上

condonev. treat orregard (an offence) as if it were not serious or wrong; overlook; forgive 原谅；宽容

Have we as asociety become soconsumed with our own needs and the impulses of our children thateveryone else’s rights are ignored?

作为社会的一份子，我们是否已经变得一心只想着自己的需求和满足孩子的欲望从而忽视了他人的权利呢？

consumed: filled,absorbed or engrossed

    e.g. —— As a teenager, I was consumed bypassion for a film-star I would never meet.

          —— He was consumed with guilt afterthe accident.

be consumed with:be filled with; be destroyed by 充满；被...吞噬

impulse n.  a sudden strong desire to do sth beforethinking whether it is a sensible thing to do 冲动；欲望

5. “Take a look attelevision these days, and it’s becoming almost commonplace to be arrogantand crude,”notes psychologist Thomas Achenbach of the University of Vermont.

“看看如今的电视节目，傲慢和粗鲁几乎是家常便饭，”佛蒙特州立大学的心理学家托马斯·奥肯博杰注意到。

arrogant a.unpleasantly proud and behaving as if you are better or more important thanother people; conceited 傲慢的，自大的

当孩子们被漫画人物《憋四与大头蛋》的低俗、滑稽动作逗得大笑的时候，他们的父母也因辛辣的情景喜剧《憔悴潘郎》和粗鲁的情景喜剧《罗斯安妮》而哈哈大笑。

vulgar a. lackingin artistic quality or good taste; rude; obscene 粗俗的

acerbic a. (esp ofsomeone’s way of talking or manner) sharp, angry and hard; sour; bitterlysevere 尖酸的；刻薄的

brash a. (ofpeople) showing too much confidence and too little respect; rude 傲慢无理的，厚颜无耻的

The assaulton manners doesn’t just come in the form of comic relief. Witness the abominabledisplay last September of Baltimore Orioles second baseman Roberto Alomar, whospat in the face of umpire John Hirschbeck before millions of fans.

其实，粗俗的行为不仅仅以喜剧性调剂的形式出现。人们不妨看看去年巴尔的摩“黄鹂”棒球队的第二守垒员罗伯多·阿洛马的恶心表现，他居然在几百万球迷面前，朝裁判约翰·赫什伯克的脸上吐口水。

assault n. asudden violent attack; an attack of any sort by argument, appeals, abuse, etc攻击，袭击

comic relief:     an amusing scene, incident or speech in aserious or tragic setting, as in a play, providing temporary relief fromtension or dramatic action; relief from tension caused by the introduction of acomic element 喜剧性穿插；喜剧性调剂；轻松镜头

abominable a.causing disgust; very bad or unpleasant 讨厌的；令人憎恶的

umpire n. a personin some sports who controls a game and make sure that the rules are followed; areferee 裁判员

7. All of thisseems to have aprofound effect on kids. Comparing assessments of American children inthe mid-1970s and the late 1980s, Achenbach found that children in the lattergroup were, on average, more impulsive and disobedient than their counterparts a decade and a halfearlier.

所有这一切都似乎对孩子们产生了深刻的影响。通过比较二十世纪七十年代中和二十世纪八十年代末美国孩子的表现, 奥肯博克发现后者比前者更冲动、更叛逆。

profound a. deep,intense or far-reaching; very great 深远的

assessment n.judgment; evaluation 评估，评价

impulsive a.inclined to act on impulse rather than thought; motivated by or resulting fromimpulse 冲动的

disobedient a.deliberately not doing what one is told to do by one’s parents, teacher,employer etc不服从的

counterpart: a person or thing that has the sameposition or purpose as another person or thing in a different place ororganization相对物

The frayingof the nuclearfamily and the demands on working parents, many experts believe,have produced a generation of children who can program a computer butdon’tknow how to write a thank-you note.

许多专家认为，核心家庭的紧张与忙碌，使得培养出来的孩子能给计算机编程却不懂得写封感谢信。

nuclear family: afamily unit consisting of a mother and father and their children  核心家庭（只由父母和子女组成的家庭单位）

fray v. becomestrained and irritated; get annoyed 紧张，烦恼

8. Even parentswho striveto teach their children manners are appalled at how easily those lessons can be undoneby what takes place beyond their homes.

也有一些父母尽心尽力教导自己的孩子要有礼貌，但他们却吃惊地发现，家庭外所发生的事情轻而易举地就把他们的所有努力化为泡影了。

strive v. exertmuch effort or energy; endeavor; struggle or fight forcefully 努力

appall v. cause(someone) to be extremely upset or shocked 惊骇

undo: remove thegood or bad effects of (an action or several actions) 消除，取消，破坏

“Get off my phone,” he yelled, calling heran obscenename.

“把电话挂了，”他大声嚷嚷，朝她骂下流话。

obscene a.offensive, rude or disgusting according to accepted moral standards, esp inrelation to sexual matters

9. While you can’tprotect your children from what goes on outside your home, experts believe thatwith patience and persistence, parents can do a lot to make theirchildren beautiesin our world full of beasts.

尽管父母无法让自己的孩子免受外界的影响，但专家们认为，父母只要有耐心、有毅力，就能做许多事来使得自家的孩子在这个充满野性的世界里变成完美的人。

beauty: someonevery good; a perfect example 很好的人（指代）

beast: someone whois cruel or unpleasant 举止粗鲁的人（指代）

10. Her friend’smother was livid.Driving the girls home, she flew into a rage, cursing and calling the coach allsorts of names.

她朋友的母亲大发雷霆。在开车回家的路上, 她母亲火冒三丈, 当着女孩子的面, 一边诅咒一边用各种脏话谩骂这位教练。

livid a. extremelyangry (synonym: furious) 非常生气的

fly into a rage:suddenly become extremely angry 勃然大怒

11. Many parentsseem to have adoptedthe attitude “My child, right or wrong”—with devastating results.

许多家长都似乎是采取一种“不管对错，都是自家孩子好”的态度，其结果往往是破坏性的。

devastating:a.very destructive; causing severe shock 破坏性的

“Parents who can’t accept when their childisn’t No. 1 send the message that when you’re frustrated, you blame the source of frustrationinstead of looking for a way to cope.” Instead of punishing a child for violatinga school policy, they battle the policy.

“当自己的孩子不是得到第一名时，父母亲如果不能接受这个事实，那么他们就等于发出了这样一个信息，即当你受挫时，你责备挫折的原由而不是寻找解决的办法。”孩子违犯了校规，他们不但没有责罚孩子，反而攻击校规

frustration n.disappointment or discouragement; a disappointing situation 挫折，受挫

violate ：v. break; disregard  违犯；藐视

朱迪思·马丁说，讲礼貌不是简单地说“请”和“谢谢”就行了，而是要不自吹自擂、不背后骂人，要赢得光彩、输得体面，要尊重每一个人。

gallant ：a. brave; kind and polite, esp. in public 勇敢的，殷勤的

13. Of course, allthe training in the world won’t persuade a child to behave gallantly if his parents become aggressive,demanding and rude at the slightest provocation.

当然，如果做父母的脾气乖戾、对人苛刻而粗鲁的话，那么怎么训练孩子也难使得他们讲究礼貌。

at [on] theslightest provocation 动不动就

provocation ：n. action intended to cause a reaction, espanger or annoyance 激怒；挑衅

14. Parents needto be especially vigilant not to say something casually that they may be alarmedto hear later in the mouths of their children.

父母要特别注意不要信口开河，以免日后惊讶地发现同样的话在孩子们的口中说出来。

孩子的粗鲁行为常常是不在意的结果, 而不是出于故意。动辄批评、咒骂和大声命令，只会让孩子生气和心存戒备。父母们强化了这种观念：不施压，孩子是养不成好行为的。

Deliberate：a. intentional or planed, and not happeningaccidentally; done on purpose 深思熟虑的，故意的

reinforce：v. give more force or effectiveness to; strengthen;provide more evidence or support for 巩固，强化

coercion：n. the act or process of persuading someoneforcefully to do sth that they did not want to do 强迫；胁迫

20. By correctingthe behavior rather than the child, you defuse a child’s defensiveness and keep thecorrection from sounding like an order.

批评要对事而不对人，从而孩子不会产生防御心理，改正错误的要求听上去也不像是一种命令。

Defuse：v. remove the fuse from a bomb in order tostop it exploding; improve a difficult or dangerous situation, for example bymaking people less angry or by dealing with the causes of a problem 卸除引信；缓和，平息

24. “Co-operation,punctuality,conversation skills and respect are all learned around the dining table,” saysetiquette teacher Tiffany Francis.

“合作、守时、谈话技巧以及尊重他人等都是坐在餐桌旁学会的，”礼仪教师蒂法尼·法兰西斯说。

25. It’s a timewhen parents can gently impart their values and morals without sounding asif they’re lecturing.

此时此刻，父母亲和蔼地将他们的价值观和道德观传授给孩子们，而又不让人感觉是在说教。

Impart：v. give information, knowledge, wisdom etcto someone; give a particular quality to sth传授

26. Attitudes ofrespect, modesty and fair play can grow only out ofslowly acquired skills thatparents teach their children over many years through shared experience andmemory.

尊重他人、为人谦虚和公正无私等种种品质，只能产生自日积月累的技能，而这些技能是父母对孩子们多年来通过共同的经历和回忆所教导出来的。

If a child reachesadulthood with recollectionsonly of television, Little League and birthday parties, then that child haslittle to drawon when a true test of character comes up—say, in a pricklybusiness situation.

孩子成年时，如果回忆中只有电视、“小棒球队”和生日聚会的话，那么当真正考验人的品格的时候，比如说，一些情况棘手的场合，这些孩子就没有什么东西可以依托了。

Recollection：n. an act of remembering sth, espsth onetries to remember; sth from the past that one remembers 回忆

draw on: make useof a supply of sth; use money, experiences etc for a particular purpose 利用

prickly ：a. causing problems, disagreements, anddifficulties 棘手的, 难办的

“Unless that child feels grounded inwho he is and where he comes from, everything else is an act,” says etiquetteexpert Betty Jo Trakimas.

“除非孩子们知道自己是谁、来自什么地方，否则，一切都是装出来的，”礼仪专家贝蒂·乔·特拉基玛斯说。

ground sb in sth:teach someone the basic things they should know in order to be able to dothings 打好基础，教以基本知识

28. “Manners areabout being kind—giving compliments（问候，道贺，致意; 赞美）, team-playing, making sacrifices. Children learn that through theirparents.”

“讲究礼貌是关于为人友善的问题——会向人问候、与人合作并且乐于奉献。而这一切，孩子都是从父母身上学得的。

孩子们不会自动激起学习讲究礼貌的热情，可他们也没有理由把礼貌看作是一大堆烦人的条条框框。良好的行为举止是儿童教育的基本构件。

warm (up) to:begin to like or enjoy sth, or sb one has just met; become more interested orenthusiastic about (a job, subject, task, etc) 对...有好感，对...热心起来

stuffy a. formal,boring and old-fashioned; unpleasant because of a lack of fresh air 乏味的

30. Judith Martin concurs.“A polite child grows up to get the friends and the dates and the jobinterviews,” she says, “because people respond to good manners. It’s thelanguage of all human behavior.”

朱迪斯·马丁赞同这一观点。“一个有礼貌的孩子长大成人后，能够结交到朋友、有约会可赴、有工作可选，”她说，“因为人们会对良好举止给予回报。良好的举止是全人类行为的共同语言。”

concur ：v.     coincide;agree; be of the same opinion 同时发生；同意；有同样的观点

Unit6

1. She is the prototypeof today’s young woman—confident, outgoing, knowledgeable, involved. She may have a wide circleof friends or simply a few close ones, but she is committed to them and to theirfriendship.

她是现今年轻女子的典型——自信外向、知识渊博、做事投入。她也许有一大帮朋友或是寥寥几个密友，但却对朋友和友谊忠心不二。

prototype ：n. someone or something that is one of thefirst and most typical examples of a group or situation 原型；典型；样板

knowledgeable:knowing a lot 知识渊博的；有见识的

involved: giving alot of time or attention to someone or something; emotionally committed 关注的；投入的

committed ：a. willing to work hard and give your timeand energy to something; believing strongly in something 尽心尽力的；效忠的；坚定的

She is sophisticatedabout the central issues facing young people today—planning for the future,intimacy, sex, drugs, and alcohol—and discusses them seriously, thoughtfully,and forthrightly.

对于现今年轻人所面临的主要问题，譬如计划未来、亲昵关系、两性行为、毒品酗酒等问题，她行事老道，并且谈论起来认真严肃、思路缜密、直截了当。

sophisticated ：a. having a lot of experience of life andgood judgment about socially important things 老练的; 世故的

intimacy ：n. the state of having a close personalrelationship with someone; the act of sex 亲密关系；亲近；性行为

forthrightly:directly and honestly, used in order to show approval 直率地；直截了当地

Above all, she isconvinced that if she plans carefully, works hard, and makes the rightdecisions, she will be a success in her chosen field; have the material goodsshe desires; in time, marry if she wishes; and, in all probability, have children.She plans, as the expression goes, to “have it all.”

总之，她深信，如果计划周密、工作努力并且决策正确，她就能在自己选定的领域获得成功，拥有自己所渴求的优越物质条件，最终如愿以偿地嫁人；而且，极有可能养几个孩子。正如此话所云，她计划“该有的全都要有”。

2. Theseyoung  women do not see themselves asplaying supporting roles in someone else’s life script; it is their ownjourneys they are planning. They see their lives in terms of their aspirations,their hopes, their dreams.

这些年轻女子不会将自己视为他人生活剧本中所充当的配角；那是她们自己所经营的历程。她们着眼于自己的抱负、自己的希望和自己的梦想。

aspiration: astrong desire to have or do something 抱负；志向

3. A juniorat a top-notchpublic high school, she hopes to study drama in college, possibly at Yale,“like Mery1 Streep.”

作为一名重点公立中学的三年级学生，她希望上大学，如果可能的话，去耶鲁大学学习戏剧，“就像梅丽尔·斯特里普一样。”

Affluent：n. having plenty of money, nice houses,expensive things etc (synonym: wealthy)富裕的；富足的

junior n. astudent in the third year of a U.S. high school or college 美国中学或大学的三年级学生

top-notch：a. of the highest quality or standard(synonym: excellent) 一流的；最高的

She wants to have“a great life,” be “really independent,” and have “everything that’s mine—crazyfurniture, everything my own style.”

她想拥有“了不起的一生”，能够“真正独立”，具备“所有属于自己的物品——像是高档家具，一切自我风格的东西。”

crazy: wonderful,terrific 非常好的；很棒的

4.   By the time she’s thirty (“that’s soboring”), she feels, she will need to be sensible, because soon she will be “tied down.”

到了30岁的时候（“那真是让人厌倦”），她感到自己需要理智一些，因为她很快会受到束缚。

tie down: restrictsomeone's freedom to do what they want to do

Her husband willshare responsibilities. She’s not going to be a “supermom.” They’ll both dochild care. He won’t do it as a favor; it will be their joint responsibility.

她的丈夫会分担责任。她不会是一个“超级母亲”。两人将共同照顾孩子。丈夫不会将此视为帮忙；这会是他俩的共同职责

5.   Amy Morrison is a petite, black, fifteen-year-oldhigh-school sophomore who lives in Ohio.

艾米·莫里森是一位娇小黝黑、年仅15岁的中学二年级学生。她住在俄亥俄州。

Petite： a. (of a girl, woman or her figure) smalland attractively thin 娇小的

She’s not sureabout having children but says emphatically that she wants to be successful, tomake money, to have cars.

她不能确定自己是否要孩子，但却坚称自己渴望成功，赚大钱，拥有小车。

emphatically ： in a manner that shows emphasis; stronglyand forcefully; most certainly强调地；用力地

6.   Jacqueline Gonzalez is a quiet, self-possessed,nineteen-year-old Mexican-American woman who is a sophomore at a communitycollege in southern California.

杰奎琳·冈萨雷斯是一位文静沉稳的19岁墨西哥裔美国女孩，是南加州一所社区大学的一名二年级学生。

self-possessed:calm, confident, and in control of your feelings, even in difficult orunexpected situations 有自制力的；沉着的

7.   If in the past, and to a considerable extentstill today, women have hoped to find their identity through marriage, havesought to find “validationof … [their] uniqueness and importance by being singled out among all other women bya man,” the New American Dreamers are setting out on a very different questfor self-realization.

如果说在过去，甚至是时至今日，妇女仍在相当大的程度上希望通过婚姻找到她们的自我身份，“通过一个男人将其从所有女人中挑选出来以寻求对［她们］独特性和重要性”的认可

quest: a longsearch for sth that is difficult to find寻求；追求

validation ：n.      proofor confirmation; the process of making something valid 确认；认可

Single out: 挑出，挑选

Among the youngwomen I interviewed, the New American Dreamers stand apart in their intention tomake their own way in the world and determine their own destiny prior toforming a significant and lasting intimaterelationship.

在我所采访的年轻妇女当中，新一代美国梦想家们意图在建立一种重大而长久的亲密关系之前，能闯出一条自己的路，决定自己的命运，其用意各不相同。

8. Even youngwomen with several strikes against them see material success as a keyprize at the endof the rainbow. Some seem to feel that success is out there for thetaking.

即使有诸多不利条件的年轻女性也将物质上的成功视为最终实现梦想的重要指数。某些人似乎觉得成功就在那里唾手可得。

strike: anunfavorable condition or situation that makes it extremely difficult forsomeone or something to be successful (synonym: disadvantage) 不利条件；劣势；挫折

the end of therainbow: the place where one can fulfill their dreams, get rich and enjoy truehappiness 实现愿望之地；美梦成真之所

Generally, themost prestigious,best-paying careers are mentioned; few women of any class mention traditionalwomen’s professions such as teaching or nursing.

总而言之，她们大多提到最享有声誉、报酬最为丰厚的职业，任何阶层的妇女都极少提及诸如教师或护士之类的传统女性职业。

Prestigious：a. respected and admired as very importantor of very high quality 有威望的；受尊敬的；声誉高的

11. These young women are bright, thoughtful, personable.And they are quintessentially American: they believe that with enough hard workthey will “make it” in American society.

这些年轻女子聪明伶俐、心思缜密、美丽动人。而她们都是美国人的精粹：她们相信只要工作足够卖力就能在美国社会“获取成功”。

personable:attractive to other people because of having a pleasant appearance andcharacter美貌漂亮的; 风度好的

No matter whatclass they come from, their fantasies are of upward mobility, a comfortable lifefilled with personal choice and material possessions.

不论她们来自什么阶层，她们都梦想往上爬，过上一种可以自己恣意选择和充满物质享受的舒适生活。

upward mobilitymovement into a higher and wealthier social class 向较高或较富有的社会阶层的流动；向上爬

fantasize ：v. imagine that you are doing somethingwhich is very pleasant or exciting, but which is very unlikely to happen幻想；想像

12. Young womenare our latest true believers. They have bought into the image of a bright future. Many ofthem see themselves as professional women, dressed in handsome clothes,carrying a briefcase to work,and coming home to a comfortable house or condo,possibly to a loving, caring husband and a couple of well-behavedchildren.

她们对璀璨未来的蓝图深信不疑。她们中有不少人将自己视为职业女性，穿着光鲜，拿着公文包去上班，然后回到舒适的房子或公寓，可能有个细心周到、充满爱心的丈夫和两三个彬彬有礼的孩子。

buy into: acceptthat an idea is right and allow it to influence you (synonym: embrace) 信从；接受

And what aboutthose who “share the fantasy,” as the Chanel No.5 perfume advertisement used tosay, but have little or no chance of achieving it?

正如香奈儿5号香水广告过去常说的，那些“分享梦想”而又无甚机会或是毫无机会实现梦想的那些人又会怎样？

13. Perhaps the most poignant example of the impossibledream is Simone Baker, a dynamic, bright, eighteen-year-old black woman fromLouisiana.

也许西蒙·贝克难以实现的梦想是最令人心酸的例子。她是一位来自路易斯安娜州、充满活力、聪明伶俐的18岁黑人女子。

poignant ：a. having a strong effect on your feelings,especially in a way that makes you feel sad 深切的；动人的；酸楚的

When I met her ina drugrehabilitation center, she was struggling to become drug free sothat she could join the Job Corp, finish high school, and obtain somevocational training.

当我在戒毒中心遇到她的时候，她正努力摆脱毒品，以便能够加入劳工部青年职业培训中心，读完中学，接受某些职业培训。

drugrehabilitation: the process of helping someone to live without illegal drugsafter they have been addicted to them戒毒

Her dream of thefuture is so extraordinary, given her background, that she seems to epitomizethe Horatio Alger myth of another era.

考虑到这样的背景，她的梦想就显得非同凡响，以至于她似乎成了霍雷肖·阿尔杰笔下另一个时期脱贫致富传奇的典范。

epitomize ：v. be a very typical example of something 成为…的典范；集中体现；缩影

16. And she’s evenmouthingthe supreme hope of so many women in this age of therapeutic solution to personalproblems—that she’ll find a man who is “sensitive” to her “feelings.”

而她甚至大声谈论在治疗解决个人问题的这个时代大多数女人所拥有的最大梦想——她要找到一个“关注”自己“感受”的男人。

mouth: saysomething that you do not really feel, believe, or understand 说出；大发议论

therapeutic ：a. relating to the treatment or cure of anillness; making you feel calm and relaxed 治疗的；有疗效的；有益健康的

But for Simone, itis virtually an impossible dream. One wished that that were not so; listeningto her, watching her excitement and hope at the mere thought of such a life,one gets caughtup and wants desperately for it all to happen.

可对于西蒙而言，这是根本不可能实现的梦想。任何一个人希望生活不会是那个样子；听着她倾诉，看着她快乐，希望只要想一想那样的一种生活，就会沉迷其中，极度渴望所有的梦想成真。

caught up:involved, included, or captivated, often against one’s wishes卷入；陷入；迷住

17. ManyAmericans, of course—not just young people or young women—have a fundamentallyoptimistic attitude toward the future. Historically, Americans have believedthat progress is likely, even inevitable, and that they have the ability tocontrol their owndestinies…

当然，不少美国人——不只是年轻人或是年轻妇女——具有一种对于未来基本的乐观主义态度。在历史上，美国人相信进步是大势所趋，甚至是不可避免的，他们坚信有掌控自己命运的能力

While young womenhistorically have had far less control over their lives than men, for the pasttwenty-five years they have been urged to take greater control, both in theworkplace and in their private lives, and they have clearly taken the messagevery much to heart.

虽然就历史而言，年轻妇女远不及男人那般掌控自己的生活，但在过去的25年以来，她们一直受到鞭策，越来越多地操控自己的工作环境和私人生活。毋庸置疑，新的美国梦已经深入人心。

18. Angela Dawson, a sixteen-year-old high-schooljunior from southern California, sums up the views of the New AmericanDreamers: “It’s your life. You have to live it yourself. You must decide whatyou want in high school, plan your college education, andfrom there you canbasically get what you want. If you work hard enough, you will get there. Youmust be in control of your life, and then somehow it will all work out.”

安吉拉·道森，一位来自南加州16岁的中学三年级学生，总结了新一代美国梦想家的观点：“这是你自己的生活。你得靠自己打拼。在中学阶段你就必须就决定自己想要的东西，作好大学教育的计划，以此为起点，你基本上可以获取你所渴求的东西。如果工作足够卖力，你就会达成目标。你必须掌控自己的生活，然后呢，反正一切都会得偿所愿。”

Unit7

1. But somewherealong the way he developed a sizable chip on his shoulder. He would later carp aboutthe “self-righteousness”and “intellectual superiority” of the East Coast liberal establishment thattook over institutions like Yale in the ‘60s.

但也不知道自什么时候起他还是添了些忿忿之意。布什后来常常批评那种知识分子“自命清高”以及“唯我独尊”的习气，这股风气起于美国东海岸的一些自由主义组织，60年代的时候席卷了像耶鲁大学等各个高校.

develop/have achip on one’s shoulder: to feel quarrelsome or in badtemper because one thinks he is unfairly treated 敏感；好生气；好挑衅

carp about/at: tofind fault or complain without a good reason 找岔子；挑剔；

As early as 1964,he had a run-inwith one of the avatarsof the new order, the Rev. William Sloane Coffin, the Yale chaplain who hadturned on his own Andover-and-Skull-and-Bones past to become a fiery radical,advising students to resist the draft.

早在1964年，他就跟耶鲁大学的牧师，新秩序化身的威廉·斯隆·科兴有过交锋。此人利用自己在安兜尔（贵族预科学校，译者）和耶鲁学生联谊会的经历成为一名狂热的激进分子，怂恿学生抵制服兵役。吹毛求疵

run-in: a quarrel;an argument; a conflict 口角；争吵；争论

avatar ：n. a person who represents an idea orquality; a picture of a person or animal that represents you on a computerscreen (synonym: embodiment) 化身，具体化

Rev. the shortform of Reverend, a title used before the name of a minister of the Christianchurch  对牧师或神父的尊称

Chaplain：n. a priest or other religious ministerresponsible for the religious needs of an organization 牧师；教士

3. He tangled withhis father one night after driving, drunk, into some garbage cans outside theirhouse in Washington. “Want to go mano a mano? “ Bush challenged his dad.

一天晚上他酒后驾车，一头撞在自己在华盛顿家门外的几个垃圾桶上，醉醺醺地和他的老头子扭在一处，嘴里还一面挑衅地嚷嚷：“要不要一对一的来？”

tangle ：v. to come into fight with; to fight orargue ）打架；争论；吵架

Want to go mano a mano?

    Do you want to have a (physical) fight?Mano is Spanish for “hand”.

mano a mano：n. a fight or contest, especially onebetween two people; adv. with only two people involved (synonym: one-to-one) 格斗，手搏，竞赛；面对面

The mere utteranceof the words “I’m disappointed” was chilling to the younger Bush, who stillvisibly wincedas he recalledhis father’s quiet scorn in an interview with NEWSWEEK.

只一句“我感到失望”已足令小布什不寒而栗。在接受新闻周刊采访时，布什回想起他父亲当时那无言的嘲讽，仍然显得十分惶惶不安。

wince ：v. to suddenly change the expression onyour face as a reaction to something painful or upsetting; to suddenly feelvery uncomfortable or embarrassed 龇牙咧嘴；畏缩；退避

When George W.obtained his driver’s license, his father was willing to let him drive fromTexas to Maine, despite Barbara’s strong misgivings. The Bush children “knewtheir father trusted them and their mother didn’t,” Mrs. Bush archlyrecalled with a laugh.

小布什获得汽车驾照时，他的父亲不顾母亲巴巴拉的强烈担忧，欣然准许他从得州驾车到缅因州。布什家的小孩“明白他们的父亲信任他们而他们的母亲则不然”，布什夫人每每回想到这里，不觉莞尔一笑

archly ：ad. craftily; mischievously, teasingly 狡猾地；顽皮地

4. The “West Pointof Capitalism” wasnot inundated with applicants in the anti-business early ‘70s, so Bushgot in, despite mediocregrades that kept him out of his first choice of grad schools, the University ofTexas Law School.

在“反商”的70年代早期，被誉为“资本主义的西点军校”的哈佛商学院并没有出现那种考生门庭若市的盛况，因而，即使布什的成绩平平，无法进入他首选的得克萨斯州法学院，他还是考入了哈佛商学院

inundate ：v. to receive so much of something that youcannot easily deal with it all (synonyms: swamp, overwhelm) 使应接不暇；充满

mediocre ：a. neither very good nor very bad 平凡的；中庸的

He developed hisbasic approach to leadership at Harvard’s training ground for future CEOs. Theessence was to think Big Picture, don’t get caught in the details, delegate anddecide.

他的基本领导方略在哈佛未来CEO的培训园里得到了发展，其核心之处在于对大的规划多思量，对小的细节不纠缠，知人善任，行事果决。

Bush whizzesthrough briefing books today, preferring to listen rather than read, but hisfriends say he has an ability to cut to the chase.

时至今日，布什看的是摘要之类的书，读起来走马看花，他更喜欢听别人给他念书而不愿自己来看。朋友们说他善于切中要害。

Whiz：v. to move very quickly, making a highcontinuous sound; to do something very quickly 飕飕地移动；快速地做；匆匆地干

whiz through tomove very fast; to do or finish quickly 快速移动；迅速完成

cut to thechase to get to the point; to get to the important or crucial part

6. In many ways,he found sanctuaryin Midland, where his old friendships and connections made for a much easier,safer life than buckingthe Eastern intellectual snobs.

在许多方面米德兰成了他的庇护所，在那儿他的老关系和旧交情使他的生活远比在东部与自命不凡的学究争斗安逸而且稳定得多。

sanctuary ：n. a place that provides refuge orprotection 庇护所，避难所

buck： to resist or oppose something in a directway 抵制；反抗

snob：n. someone who thinks they are better thanpeople from a lower social class and dislikes being with them or doing thingsthey do 势利的人；假内行

即便如此，他还是时运不佳，不像他父亲初到德州时那般恰逢其时，春风得意。由于布什在生意上遭受了一些严重的挫折，也就只好任凭朋友们把他的阿巴斯托公司戏称为“Ar-bust-o(意为我破产了)”公司

ride the wave: towork smoothly or successfully

put up with:     to be willing to accept; to tolerate anunpleasant situation or person without complaining 容忍；忍受

7. He seems tohave sensed from the beginning that politics was his calling. He toyed with running for Congress fromHouston in 1971 until his parents and other wiser heads discouraged him, and hemountedan uphillcampaign for the House of Representativesin 1978.

他似乎从最初的时候起就感觉到了政治对他的召唤。 1971年，布什想在休斯敦想玩一把竞选众议员，后被他的父母和其他一些有识之士劝止了。1978年，他发起了一场颇为艰苦的竞选众议员的运动

calling: a strongdesire or feeling of duty to do a particular kind of work, especially religiouswork; someone‘s profession or trade 愿望；职业；行业

toy with: toconsider something but not seriously 摆弄；不认真考虑或对待

8. Bush ranwithout any particular qualifications beyond his last name. He wassomewhat obliviousto the political power of his family ties.

布什参加竞选，除了他的家族大名外没有其它任何特别资历。然而他似乎有点淡忘了他家庭关系的政治力量。

oblivious ：a. not noticing; unaware; having no memory 未觉察；不注意；忘却的

10. Bush hashardly roundedoff all his rough edges. He still “bounces off the walls,”says a family friend, who adds, “Laura will say, ‘Oh, George, will you just gofor a run?’”

布什几乎没有怎么磨平他性格的棱角。他家的一个朋友说他至今还会变得“狂躁不安”，这个朋友又补充道：“妻子劳拉就会说：‘哦，乔治，你能不能出去跑一跑？’”

round off: to takethe sharp or rough edges off something; to finish an activity or completesomething in a good or suitable way 使光滑；使完美；圆满结束

rough edges: smallparts of something or of a person’s character that are not yet as good as they should bebut that are not a serious problem 棱角；瑕疵，美中不足之处

He still “bounce off thewalls.”

    He is still impatient and restless, getangry easily

bounce off thewalls: to act unreasonably or crazily

Bush has notentirely tamedhis temper, and when his naturally squinty eyes narrow to slits, he can be surly.He has been known to snarl at reporters who have written unflatteringpieces about the Bush family.

布什尚未完全驯服他的脾气，当他天生的乜斜的眼睛眯成一条缝时，他可能就会六亲不认了。据悉，他曾经对那些直言不讳写过布什家族文章的记者大发雷霆。

squinty ：a. (looking with eyes) partly open（眼睛）半开的；侧目的；斜视的

slit ：a long straight narrow cut or opening 狭缝，裂口

surly bad-temperedand rude 粗暴的; 乖戾的; 无礼的

snarl ：v. to speak in a sharp angry manner; togrowl angrily esp with the teeth bared like a dog 咆哮；吼叫

11. He was wellmatched with Lee Atwater, the brilliant bad-boy political operative who mastermindedBush’s ‘88 campaign, and whose subversive, edgy humor would have made him right at home inBush’s crowd at Andover.

他与他父亲88年竞选班子的总策划人政工老手李·艾特瓦特配合默契。李才华横溢，生性顽劣，凭着他那不拘常理、入木三分的幽默早该是安兜尔布什群体的座上嘉宾了。

mastermind ：v. to think of, plan, and organize a large,important, and difficult operation 策划；幕后操纵

subversive, edgyhumor: sharp humor aimed at making fun of something or somebody

subversive: tryingor likely to destroy established ideas and take away power from those atpresent in control, especially secretly or indirectly 颠覆性的；破坏性的

edgy: sharp, witty敏锐的；机智的

13. Example: as hewas mulling overa running mate ——and possibly thinking of Dick Cheney ——George W. recently asked his father, “Ifsomeone says no, do they mean it?”

例如，有次垂钓时，布什苦苦考虑某个竞选伙伴，这个让他颇费脑筋的人可能就是迪克·切尼，他求教父亲：“如果有人说‘不’，这是他的心里话吗？”

mull ：v. to think about carefully (synonym:ponder) 研磨；深思

14. Most family sagas peter outafter a couple of generations. But the Bushes seem to carry on, each in his ownway, joined by a certain goofy charm, a muted but powerful call to serve anda keen desire to win.

大多数家族的传奇经历一两代人之后就无声无息了，但布什家族成员们似乎继续在演绎着这个传奇。他们八仙过海，各显神通，凭着某种憨厚中透射出的魅力、为国效忠的强烈而无声的使命感以及对胜利无比深切的渴望。

peter out: togradually become smaller, less, weaker etc and then come to an end 逐渐消失

saga：n. a long story about events that happenover many years 长篇故事；英雄传奇

goofy：a. ridiculous; foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的

muted：quiet; not strongly expressed 无声的；表达不明确的

serve：to spend a period of time doing useful workor official duties for an organization, country, important person etc服务；履行义务；尽职责

Unit8

1. A sex role is apart that an individual plays as a social actor—the patterns of feeling andbehavior deemedappropriate or inappropriate because of her or his gender.

性别角色是个人在社会舞台上扮演的角色――因为自身性别而被认为是否得体的感情和行为模式.

deem / di:m / v.think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality

2. Thus, if youare male and proneto tears during highly emotional moments or female and likely to dominateclassroom discussions and arguments, you may judge yourself harshly because youhave internalized traditionalsex-role assumptions.

因此，如何你是一个在情绪激动时会流泪的男性，或者一个会控制课堂讨论和争论的女性，你可能对自己判断严苛，因为你已经内化了传统的性别角色假设。

prone ：a.      likelyto do something or suffer from something, esp. something bad or harmful

be prone to: belikely to, be liable to (esp. sth. bad or harmful)

dominate ：v.       controlsomeone or something or have more importance than other people or things