##数据准备
install.packages('vcd',repos='http://cran.us.r-project.org')library(grid)library(vcd)counts<- table(Arthritis$Improved)# simple bar plot
barplot(counts, main = "Simple Bar Plot", xlab = "Improvement", ylab = "Frequency")# stacked barplot
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved, Arthritis$Treatment)
barplot(counts, main = "Stacked Bar Plot", xlab = "Treatment", ylab = "Frequency", col = c("red", "yellow", "green"), legend = rownames(counts))//（使用las=2）旋转了条形的标签、修改了标签文本，并（使用mar）增加了y
边界的大小，为了让标签更合适，（使用cex.names=0.8）缩小了字体大小。
par(mar = c(5, 8, 4, 2))
par(las = 2)
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved)barplot(counts, main = "Treatment Outcome", horiz = TRUE, cex.names = 0.8, names.arg = c("No Improvement", "Some Improvement", "Marked Improvement"))

堆砌条形图

library(vcd)
attach(Arthritis)
counts <- table(Treatment, Improved)
spine(counts, main = "Spinogram Example")
detach(Arthritis)

扇图

# fan plots
install.packages("plotrix")
library(plotrix)
slices <- c(10, 12, 4, 16, 8)
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")
fan.plot(slices, labels = lbls, main = "Fan Plot")

核密度曲线图

par(lwd = 2)
install.packages("sm")
library(sm)
attach(mtcars)cyl.f <- factor(cyl, levels = c(4, 6, 8), labels = c("4 cylinder", "6 cylinder", "8 cylinder"))sm.density.compare(mpg, cyl, xlab = "Miles Per Gallon")
title(main = "MPG Distribution by Car Cylinders")colfill <- c(2:(2 + length(levels(cyl.f))))
cat("Use mouse to place legend...", "\n\n")
legend(locator(1), levels(cyl.f), fill = colfill)
detach(mtcars)
par(lwd = 1)

箱线图

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars, notch = TRUE, varwidth = TRUE, col = "red", main = "Car Mileage Data", xlab = "Number of Cylinders", ylab = "Miles Per Gallon")

• 通过添加notch=TRUE，可以得到含凹槽的箱线图。若两个箱的凹槽互不重叠，则表明它们的中位数有显著差异。参数col以红色填充了箱线图，而varwidth=TRUE则使箱线图的宽度与它们各自的样本大小成正比。

琴图

install.packages("vioplot")
library(zoo)
library(vioplot)
x1 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl == 4]
x2 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl == 6]
x3 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl == 8]
vioplot(x1, x2, x3, names = c("4 cyl", "6 cyl", "8 cyl"), col = "gold")
title("Violin Plots of Miles Per Gallon")

白点是中位数，黑色盒型的范围是下四分位点到上四分位点，细黑线表示须。外部形状即为核密度估计。

点图

x <- mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg), ]
x$cyl <- factor(x$cyl)
x$color[x$cyl == 4] <- "red"
x$color[x$cyl == 6] <- "blue"
x$color[x$cyl == 8] <- "darkgreen"
dotchart(x$mpg, labels = row.names(x), cex = 0.7, pch = 19, groups = x$cyl, gcolor = "black", color = x$color, main = "Gas Milage for Car Models\ngrouped by cylinder", xlab = "Miles Per Gallon")

• 点图在经过排序并且分组变量被不同的符号和颜色区分开的时候最有用。
  根据每加仑汽油行驶英里数（从最低到最高）对数据框mtcars进行排序，结果保存为数据框x。数值向量cyl被转换为一个因子。一个字符型向量（color）被添加到了数据框x中，根据cyl的值，它所含的值为"red"、“blue"或"darkgreen”。数据点根据汽缸数量分组。数字4、6和8以黑色显示。点和标签的颜色来自向量color，点以填充的圆圈表示。