英文六大基本句型

一、主系表

She is from America — Where is she from ?
The teacher is beautiful — How is the teacher ?
The teacher is my mother — Who is the teacher ?

How are you ? — I am fine .

由以上句子可以看出，主系表句型的结构就是：主语+系动词（be)+表语。主语一般由名词（代词）构成；表语由介词短语、名词、形容词构成。要彻底掌握这句话，应该注意两点：其一，要明白系动词be是连接主语和表语的桥梁，写出的句子不能少了be;其二，要明白主语和表语的词性，随着学习的深入，以后它变出不定式、动名词、分词等。表语：1、介词+名词（介词短语）2、形容词 3、名词

二、主谓宾

I love you .
Farmesrs grow vegetables .
Children plant trees .

由以上句子可以看出，主谓宾句型的结构就是：主语+谓语动词（do)+宾语。主语一般由名词（代词）构成；宾语由名词构成。要彻底掌握这句话，应注意两点：其一，要明白动词do是连接主语和宾语的桥梁，写出的句子不能少了do；其二，要明白主语和宾语的词性，随着学习的深入，以后它变出不定式、动名词、分词等。

三、主谓

Spring comes .
The accident happened .
She apologized to me again .
The teacher listens to the music .
We looked at the picture .

由以上句子可以看出，主谓句型的结构就是：主语+谓语动词(do)。这个句子一般没有宾语，因为==动词do是不及物动词，不能带宾语。==如果非要带宾语，要在不及物动词的后面加介词，比如第3句，第4句的apologize to , listen to .要彻底掌握这句话，应注意：动词do是不能带宾语的，这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive , come , die , disappear , exist , fall , happen , rise ,等等，如果要带宾语，必须加介词，英语中的一些动词词组就是这么来的。

四、主谓宾补

He painted the wall white . 他把墙漆成白色。
We found him an honest person . 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。
She found the pen on the floor . 他发现那只笔在地上。

由以上句子可以看出，主谓宾补句型的结构就是：主谓+谓语动词（do)+宾语+补语。相当于主谓宾，这个句子多出了一个补语，这是因为有些话光是主谓宾无法完整表达句子的意思。要彻底掌握这句话，应注意：补语的形式，它可以是形容词，名词，介词短语充当。

五、主谓宾宾

这种句型中做间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如：

Her father bought her a bicycle .
The old man is telling the children sotries .

Her father bought a bicycle for her .

The old man is telling stories to the children

由以上句子可以看出，主谓宾宾句型的结构就是：主谓+谓语动词（do)+间接宾语+直接宾语。也可以变成：主语+谓语动词（do)+直接宾语+介词（to 或者 for)+间接宾语。要彻底站掌握这句话，应注意：带双宾语的动词。

六、谓主状

There is a teacher in the classroom .

In the classroom , a teacher is there . -->倒装–> In the classroom , there is a teacher .

最常见的就是初中学习过的there be句型，是一种表达存在的句子。这个句子非常容易被忽视，由于学生惯用的中文表达方式，一提到“教室里有一个老师”，会直接翻译出“the classroom has a teacher ”,这一点要特别注意。只要表达一种==“时间、空间存在某种事物”就必须要想到there be 句型==。

定语、状语的位置与作用

一、定语是限定名词，只要有名词出现的地方，就可以用定语进行修饰。但英文的定语和中文不同，中文的定语要放在所修饰的名词前面，比如“美丽的老师”、“红色的鲜花”、“来自日本的老师”。而英语的定语既可以放在名词之前，也可以放在名词之后。如果形容词作定语，则放在名词之前，比如beautiful teacher , the red flower ; 介词短语放在所修饰的名词的后面，如：the man from Japan , the teacher in the classroom

二、状语是限定动词的，它经常由副词或者介词短语充当。中文的状语一般要放在动词之前，比如：他努力学习，他清晨学习。而英文的状语要放在动词之后。比如：He work hard . He studies in the morning .

翻译要诀：无论句子有多长，首先按照以上六大句型进行分类，判断你要翻译的句子所属概念，一一对应6大句型。把主干先翻译出来，再把作为定语和状语的修饰成分填入相应位置。

一个从美国来的老师在树旁边那座大楼的第三层靠近窗户的教室的电脑旁边。

A teacher from America is besides the computer in the classroom near windows on the third floor in the building besides the tree .
他那慈祥的父亲昨天下午在商场的五楼愉快地给他买了一辆来自日本的崭新的自行车。

The kind father bought him a bike from Japan (a bike from Japan for/to him) happily on the fifth floor in the mall yesterday afternoon.
在美丽的冰山的一个角落里有大量从四面八方来的黄金。

There are many golds from all of the world in the corner in the beautiful frozen mountain.
从日本来的老师发现那个美丽的女孩是一个诚实的学生。

The teacher from Japan finds the beautiful girl an honest student . [主谓宾补]
这里大约有500个学生疯狂地读英语

About 500 students read English crazily here.
这个人没有钱，他有病。

The man is not rich. He is ill .
来自美国的英文老师们在从村教孩子们英语

The English teachers from America teach children English in the village .
那只美丽的鸟在苹果树旁边的墙上高兴地唱歌

The beautiful bird is singing happily on the wall near apple tree .
工厂里的工人们每天都很忙碌。

The workers in the factory are busy every day .
接着就是第一次世界大战。

There followed the first world war .
突然刮起一阵狂风

There sprung up a wind.
他的头脑中闪过英雄战士的形象。

There flashed image of the heoic in his mind .
他多年以前在美国为了生活拼命挣钱。

He made money madly for living in America many years ago .
寂静的村庄里安静地住着一位老人。

There lives an old man in the clam village quitely .
很多石头在两山之间的峡谷里

Many stones are in the valley between two hills .
靠近窗户玻璃旁边的树上的那只蓝色的小鸟是从南方来的。

The blue little bird in the tree besides the glasses near windows is from the South .
那个美丽的女孩认为这个从美国来的男孩很善良

The beautiful girl considers the boy from America kind .
他在公共汽车上总是让位给老人。

He gives his seat to the old man in the bus .(He gives the old man his seat .)
关好门，锁好窗

Close the door well, lock the windows well .
深深的峡谷里横七竖八地躺着许多战士

There lie many fighters in the deep valley mixed and disorderly .
他昨天为了还债（Repayment）在商场的二楼偷了100块钱

He stole 100 yuan on the second floor in the mall for repayment yesterday .
他的面部留下了岁月的痕迹。

There left traces of times on his face .
明天将出现奇迹。

There will come miracle tomorrow .
他爬上了学校大楼二层窗户旁边的树枝。

He climbed branch besides the windows on the second floor in the building in the school .
曾经有一段时间。

There was times in the past .

英文六大基本句型的扩展

（1）主系表

She is from America — Where is she from ?
The teacher is beautiful — How is the teacher ?
The teacher is my mother — Who is the teacher ?

（2）主谓宾

I love you .
Farmesrs grow vegetables .
Children plant trees .

（3）主谓

Spring comes .
The accident happened .
She apologized to me again .

（4）主谓宾补

He painted the wall white . 他把墙漆成白色。
We found him an honest person . 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。
She found the pen on the floor . 他发现那只笔在地上。

（5）主谓宾宾

Her father bought her a bicycle .
The old man is telling the children sotries .

Her father bought a bicycle for her .

The old man is telling stories to the children

（6）谓主状

There is a teacher in the classrooom .

通过以上六大句型的分析，我们可以得到一个基本的结论：区别主系表的标志主要是系动词be,而主谓宾，主谓，主谓宾补，主谓宾宾都有共同的特点，即动词谓语do；第六个句型是there be 或者there do , 下面我们来研究这些句型的变长：

（1）主系表句子的扩展：

The girl is a beautiful teacher — 这个女孩子是个漂亮的老师

The girl is a Chinese teacher — 这个女孩子是一个中文老师

注意：定语修饰名词，通常由形容词充当，形容词放在名词前面。

The girl is in the classroom — The girl is in the beauiful classroom 形容词做定语

The girl is in the classroom — The girl is in the classroom on the second floor . 这个女孩在二楼的教室里。

The girl is in the classroom on the second floor in the school . 这个女孩在学校的二楼教室里。

The girl is in the classroom on the second floor in the school in GZ . 这个女孩在广州市的学校的二楼的教室里。

The girl is in the classroom on the second floor in the school in GZ in GD . 这个女孩在广东省广州市的学校的二楼的教室里。

注意：英语中除了形容词做定语以外，介词短语也可以做定语，它和形容词做定语放在所修饰的名词前面不同，介词短语放在所修饰的名词的后面。

The girl is a teacher from America — 这个女孩是一个来自美国的老师。

The girl is a teacher come from America (错误，一句话不能同时出现动词、系动词，而且come from 是动词短语，不是介词短语，不能做定语)

The gril come from America is a teacher (错误，一句话不能同时出现动词，系动词)

主谓宾状句型：主语+动词（谓语）+宾语+状语（副词）+状语（介词短语）

孩子们种树 — Children plant tree (什么东西干什么，有动词做标志)

聪明的孩子们种树 — The clever children plant tree .

来自美国的孩子们种树 — Children from America plant tree .

孩子们努力地种树 — Children plant tree carefully 努力地 — 修饰动词“种”

我努力地游泳 — I swim hard — hard 修饰 swim

注意：状语修饰动词，放在所修饰动词的后面，通常有副词或介词短语充当。

The children plant tree hard on Sunday — on Sunday 修饰种（介词短语做状语）

孩子们星期天努力地种树

The children plant tree hard in the garden on Sunday — in garden 修饰动词

孩子们星期天在花园努力种树

状语前置：一般来说，主谓宾句型里，可以把作为介词短语的状语前置。如：The student read English in the morning --> In the morning , the student read English . — 孩子们早晨读英语

（3）There be 句型：谓主状

There is a teacher in the classroom . = In the classroom , there is a teacher .

正式文体中，某些表示存在、发生、出现、坐落等意义的不及物动词也可以与there 连用，如：appear, seem , come , remain , exist , live , stand , lie , arise , enter , follow , occur , rise , grow , happen , belong , arrive , fly , flash , sail , pass, run , spring up , emerge等。如：

There exist (are) many ancient temples in the country .

那个国家有很多古老的寺庙。
There lies (is) a small village in the mountain .

山里有个小村子。
Once upon a time , there lived (was) an old queer man in the city .

从前，城里住着个怪老头。
There struck me a sudden idea .

突然我有了一个主意。

There be(do) 句型的变长：

教室里有一个美丽的老师 — There is a beautiful teacher in the classroom .

教室里有一个来自美国的老师 — There is a teacher from America in the classroom .

城市里的学校里有一个来自美国的老师 — There is a teacher from America in the school in the city .

There lies a small village in the mountain quietly . — 山里安静地坐落着一个小村子。

主意：与主系表句型一样，存在There be 句型里，形容词做定语，介词短语也可以做定语，形容词做定语放在所修饰的名词前面，介词短语放在所修饰的名词后面。

总结：1. 首先，把英文的六大句型写完整；2.再加定语和状语；3，定语修饰名词，由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在名词的前面，介词短语放在名词的后面；4.状语修饰动词，由副词和介词短语充当，放在所修饰的动词的后面，但是一定要注意：基本句型的基本结构要先写完整才能加状语。

名词性从句

宾语从句

主系表句型 — be(连系动词do)
主谓宾 — do(vt)
主谓 — do(vi) — (不及物动词)
主谓宾补 — do(vt)
主谓宾宾 — do(vt) 记双宾语动词一定要记
There be (不及物动词 do) — be(不及物动词)

The American ecnomic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy .

在英语语法上，习惯上我们所称的名词性从句指的是宾语从句，主语从句和表语从句的统称。因此，了解名词性从句首先应该从宾语从句入手。

宾语从句：我们在前面学过主系表和主谓宾的句型，在主谓宾这个句子里出现了宾语，因此宾语从句是相对主谓宾的句型而说的。因此一个句子里，要出现宾语，则必须要求有谓语，没有谓语，就没有所谓的宾语。

宾语从句定义：==在主谓宾句型的宾语的位置上把作为名词的宾语扩展成一个be句型或者do句型。==可以用下列公式进行表示：主语+谓语+从句。如：

（1）The girl is in the classroom (主：主系表句型，没有宾语，自然不存在所谓的宾语从句)

（2）He knows the news

主谓宾

（3）He knows that the girl is a Chinese .

主谓

主系表

（4）He knows that I love you .

主谓

主谓宾

（5）He knows that the boy found a pen on the floor .

主谓

主谓宾补

（6）He knows that you give me a cup of tea .

主谓

主谓宾宾

（7）He knows that there was (lived) a man in the city .

主谓

谓主状

（8）He knows that he read his book .

主谓宾

（9）He knows that he read that the story describes the news .

主谓

主谓宾

（10）He knows that he read that the story describes that the news depicts the scenery .

主谓

主谓宾

学习应该从以下三个方面掌握：

第一：选好连接词，并记住连词永远放在从句的开头。

（1）连词that: 只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如：

He knew (that) president Bush would visit China next week .

主谓宾状
I am glad (that) you can swim in the pool .

（2）连词whether 或 if：他们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，做“是否”解。

例如：

I don’t know whether he will take a taxi there at 9 this afternoon. (or not)
John doesn’t know if / whether he can pass the exam for the university .

Jhon doesn’t know whether he can pass the exam for the university (or not)

（3）连接代词which (whichever), who (whoever) . whom (whomever) . whose (whosever), what (whatever)在从句中的意义：

The salesman asked the boy which book he likes ? (which做定语)

定宾主谓

I don’t know whose sister he loves (whose做定语)

定宾主谓

I don’t know (who) whom he loves ? (who做主语或宾语，whom做宾语,不能做主语)

宾主谓

I don’t know who love him ?

The conductor asks the passenger what he wants ? (what做宾语或主语)

宾主谓

Have you determined whichever you should buy , a Motorola or Nokia cell phone ?

（4）连接副词 when(whenever), where(wherever), why, how(however)分别做时间、地点、原因、方式状语：

I don’t understand when she can solve the difficult problem . (when 在从句中做时间状语，修饰solve, 意为“什么时候”)
I don’t understand how she can solve the difficult problem .(how 做程度状语/方式状语，修饰solve, 意为“怎样；如何”。)
I don’t understand why she can solve the difficult problem . (why 做原因状语，修饰solve，意为“为什么”)
I don’t understand where she can solve the difficult problem . (where 做地点状语，修饰solve, 意为“在哪里”。)

（5）掌握how many, how much , how long , how often , how soon 的意义：

I don’t know how much money you have ? How mush = how mush money

I don’t know how many books you have ?

I don’t know how often you go to swim ? — twice a week

I don’t know how soon you can finish your homework ? — one hour later

I don’t know how long the city is from the country ?

第二：牢记宾语从句的语序是肯定句语序，事实上，所有的从句（包括宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句都是肯定句）例如：

Can you tell me when did you go to school ? (错误，因为从句不能是疑问句，应该把did去掉)

Can you tell me when you went to school ?
Did you understand why is he so angry ? (错误，因为从句不能是疑问句，应该把is放到he后面)

Did you understand why he is so angry ?
Do you know what time will the train arrived at the city ? (错误，因为从句不能是疑问句，应该把will去掉)

Do you know what time the train will arrived at the city ?

第三：注意从句否定意义的转移：

在think , believe, suppose, expect 等动词所带的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句宾语变为肯定形式。

如：我期望明天不会下雨 I expect that it won’t rain tomorrow .–> I don’t expect that it will rain tomorrow .

宾语从句公式：主语+谓语+从句be或do。

同样的道理，如果主系表的表语的位置上把表语变成一个be或者do句型，则为表语从句；公式为：主语+系动词+从句be或do

如：The problem is difficult

The problem is what you want .

举一反三，在主语的位置上把主语扩展为一个be或do句型，则为主语从句，其公式为：从句be或do+系动词+表语，或者：从句be或do+谓语+宾语+宾补/宾宾

如：The problem is difficult

That he learns English is difficult

It is difficult that he learns English .

主语从句系表

再如：He attracts the children .

That he learns English attracts the children .

主语从句谓宾

It attracts the children that he learns English .

宾语从句总结

主系表句型 — be(连系动词do)
主谓宾 — do(vt)
主谓 — do(vi) — (不及物动词)
主谓宾补 — do(vt)
主谓宾宾 — do(vt) 记双宾语动词一定要记
There be (不及物动词 do) — be(不及物动词)

宾语从句定义：==在主谓宾句型的宾语的位置上把作为名词的宾语扩展成一个be句型或者do句型。==可以用下列公式进行表示：主语+谓语+从句。

宾语从句的连词：

(1) that — 不作任何语法成分，没有任何意思，可以省略

(2) whether(or not)或 if; — 不作任何语法成分，但有实际意思（是否），所以在从句中不能省略

(3) which(whichever), — 做定语（哪一个），修饰物

who(whoever), — 做主语或宾语，修饰人

whom(whomever), — 做宾语，修饰人

whose(whosever), — 做定语，修饰人

what(whatever) — 做主语或宾语，修饰物

(4) when(whenever), — 做时间状语

where(wherever), — 做地点状语

why, — 做原因状语

how(however) — 做方式状语

(5) how many , — 做定语，修饰可数名词

how much , — 做定语，修饰不可数名词

how long , — 多长，用来表达距离或时间

how often , — 表达频率，多经常

how soon — 多快

宾语从句的形式：

主谓宾句型的宾语从句：作为名词的宾语扩展成一个be句型或者do句型。

He knows the news .

He knows that the teacher is in classroom .
主谓宾宾—do(vt)句型的宾语从句，把直接宾语变为一个be或do句型。

He tells me the news .

He tells me that she is a teacher .

He tells the news to me .

He tells that she is a teacher to me .
主谓宾补句型的宾语从句需要it来做形式宾语

I find Chinese important .

主谓宾补

I find that we make a quick decision about this matter important .

主谓宾语从句补

I find it important that we make a quick decision about this matter .

主谓形式宾语补宾语从句

I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .

我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。

I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together .

我没去聚会感觉非常遗憾。

I have made it a rule that I keep diaries .

我每天写日记成了习惯
宾语从句的省略形式：

某些形容词后面可以带宾语从句，其形式为sb+be+形容词+that宾语从句：

这一类形容词通常是表示人物的心理，情感等状态的形容词如：

sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised

a. I am glad (that) you helped me .

b. I am sure (that) you can pass the exam .
1. I am glad of your help .
2. I am sure about your exam .
分析：上面句子中介词后面所跟成分都做介词宾语。我们完全可以将他们换成that+陈述句：
1. I am glad of that you helped me .
2. I am sure about that you can pass the exam .
从语法上讲，以上的结构都是正确的。但是，由于这样表达过于啰嗦，所以我们可以将其简化，省去介词，由于它们是宾语从句，所以连同 that 也可以省略掉，因此，这是一种省略形式的宾语从句。

表语从句

同样的道理，如果在主系表句型表语的位置上把表语变成一个be句型或者do句型，则称为表语从句。

（1）The question is difficult — The question is how we make money .

主系表主系表语从句

（2）------------------------------------------ The question is that she is a thief .

主系表语从句

（3）----------------------------The question is that there is a thief in the room .

主系表语从句

（4）事实是因为每个人都要生活 — The fact is because everyone must live .

小结：表语从句的引导词与宾语从句一样，规律与宾语从句一样，只不过称呼不同而已，因此掌握宾语从句以后，表语从句无需特别学习。但要注意一下几点：

不可以用if, 而用whether 连接表语从句（as if 例外）。

False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us .

Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us …
that在表语从句中不可以省略掉。
注意比较That is because … 句型与 that is why … 句型

"That is because …"与"That is why …"之间的不同在于"That is because …"指原因或理由，"That is why …"则指由于各种原因所造成的后果。例如：
1. He did not see the film last night .
  
  That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework .
2. He had seen the film before .
  
  That is why he did not see it last night .
  
  (第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)
当主语是reason , fact, idea等抽象名词时，表语从句的连接词应该用that .

（1）The reason is that he didn’t go to school .

（2）The traditional view is ____________ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so .

A. when B. why C. whether D. that

答案：D

解析：view是抽象名词

（3）You are saying that everyone should be equal , and this is __________________ I disagree .

A. why B. where C. what D. how

答案：B

解析：从句中 I 是主语，disagree 是谓语，并且disagree是不及物动词，所以从句不缺宾语，故不能选C，故选where做状语。

主语从句

主语从句：如果将主谓宾或主系表的主语扩展成为一个句子，称为主语从句：

（1）The question is difficult ---- That she makes money is difficult .

主语系表主语从句系表

–> It is difficult that she makes money .

形式主语系表真正的主语

it = that she makes money 主语从句的结构：it is … that …

（2）The cat is a fact — That there is a cat in the room is a fact .

–> It is a fact that there is a cat in the room .

形式主语系表真正的主语

（3）He knows the news — That he knows the news surprises me

–> It surprises me that he knows the news .

小结：主语从句的引导词与宾语从句一样，规律与宾语从句一样，只不过称呼不同而已，因此掌握宾语从句以后，主语从句无需特别学习。但要注意两点：

主语从句有形式主语 it
引导词 if 不能引导主语从句，只能用whether … (or not)

If 不能引导主语从句—他明天是否上学还不知道 If he will go to school is unclear —> It is unclear if he will go to school (错误)

Whether he will go to school is unclear —> It is unclear whether he will go to school (正确)
以下几点需要注意：It 做形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It做形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连词没有变化。

而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可以用连词that 。被强调部分指人也可用who/whom。例如：

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film . 【主语从句】

It was the football team and I that(who) helped the old man . 【强调句】

解析：把It is … that 去掉，看是否能构成六大基本句型的句子，如果不能则是主语从句，如果可以则是强调句型，比如第一句去掉 It is … that 后变为：A pity you don’t go to see the film . 很明显不是一个完整的句子，所以原句是主语从句。第二句去掉 It is … that 后变为 The foolball team and I helped the old man . 这是一个完整的句子，主谓宾句型，所以原句是强调句，顺便解释一下为什么 and I 用的是 I ，而不是me, 因为去掉 It is … that 后可以看出 foolball team and I 做主语，而me是作宾语的，所以用 I 不用 me.
（1）主系表的主语从句形式it + 系 + 表 + 从句

It is a fact that … 事实是 …

It is natural that … 很自然 …

（2）主谓宾的主语从句形式：it + 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语 + 从句

（3）主谓的主语从句形式： it + 谓语（不及物动词）+ 从句

It seems that … 似乎…

It happened that … 碰巧…

（4）主谓宾宾的主语从句形式：it + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语 + 从句

（5）主谓宾补的主语从句形式：it + 谓语 + 宾语 + 补语 + 从句

在英语语法上，习惯上我们所称的名词性从句指的是宾语从句，主语从句和表语从句的统称。

名词性从句练习

一、判断下列各句哪句是名词性从句，并指出是什么从句。

China is no longer what it used to be .

答：名词性从句-表语从句

解析： no longer what it used to be 是一句话。
That the earth tums around the sun is known to all .

答：名词性从句-主语从句
It was snowing when he arrived at the station .

答：状语从句
How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.

答：名词性从句 - 主语从句
That they had won the game soon spread over the whole school .

答：名词性从句-主语从句
It was the football team and I who helped the old man .

答：强调句
That is where Lu Xun used to live .

答：名词性从句 - 表语从句
He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about .

答：不是名词性从句

解析：这是一个从句套从句， as if 在这里引导的句子做状语从句，what引导的句子做宾语从句。所以从大的句子结构来说，该句不属于名词性从句。
Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school ?

答：不是名词性从句
I wonder why she refused my invitation .

答：名词性从句 - 宾语从句

二、选择填空

Do you see ______________ I mean ?

A. that B. / C. how D. what

答：D

解析：you是主语,see是谓语，缺宾语，所以这是一个宾语从句。从句 I 是主语，mean 是谓语，缺宾语，故选D。
Let me see _____________ .

A. that can I repair the radio B. whether I can repair the radio

C. I can repair the radio D. I whether can repair the radio

答：B
Could you advise me ________?

A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first

C. that book I should read first D. which book I should read first

答：D
She walked up to _____________ .

A. where did I stand B. where I stood

C. I stood there D. where I stood there

答：B

解析：stood 是不及物动词，D中的there 和 where 都是修饰stood做状语，冲突了，故选B
We’ll give you __________.

A. that do you need B. what do you need

C. whatever you need D. whether do you need

答：C
He was never satisfied with _____________.

A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved

C. she had achieved D. that she achieved

答：A
__________ they will come here hasn’t been decided yet .

A. What B. That C. When D. Where

答：C

解析：该句为主语从句，从句不缺成分，B虽然在语法上说得通，但是在内容上说不通，故选C做状语。
It is strange ____________ she has left without saying a word .

A. that B. what C. why D. how

答：A
_____________ Mr Zhang said is quite right .

A. That B. When C. What D. Whether

答：C
It doesn’t matter ____________ he’s come back or not .

A. if B. whether C. that D. when

答：B
_________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights .

A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

答：C

解析：C - 无论谁
____________ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known to all .

A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That

答：D
Things were not __________ they seemed to be .

A. when B. why C. that D. what

答：D

解析：该句是一个表语从句，并且表语从句的seemed to be中的be是系动词，所以从句却表语，what 可以做主语/宾语/表语，故选D
The question is ____________

A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing

C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing

答：C
That’s ___________ .

A. how she did it B. that how did she do it

C. how did she do it D. what she did it

答：A
Great changes have taken place in that school . It is no longer ____________ it was 20 years ago .

A.when B. that C. what D. which

答：C

解析：该句是表语从句，并且从句缺表语，故选C。20 years ago 是时间状语。
I don’t know ______________ he will come tomorrow __________________ he comes , I’ll tell you .

A. if , Whether B. whether , Whether C. if , That D. if , if

答：D

解析：第一个空是宾语从句，第二个空是状语从句（还未学）。
I don’t doubt __________ he will come tomorrow .

A. Whether B. what C. that D. if

答：C

解析：doubt在肯定句中用 whether/if , 否定句是that .
_____________ makes his shop different is that it offers more personal services .

A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever

答：A
I think _____________ necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .

A. that B. this C. what D. it

答：D
—Could you do me a favor ?

—It depends on _____________ it is .

A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever

答：C
These shoes look very good . I wonder _______________ .

A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost

C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost

答：C
The small children don’t know ____________ .

A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings

C. where is their stockings D. what in their stockings

答：B

解析：C中的where不能做主语，故错误。D缺少谓语，故错误。故选B。注意，B不是疑问句，而是主系表结构
Mary wrote an article on ______________ the team had failed to win the game .

A. why B. what C. who D. that

答：A
The way he did it was different ___________ we were used to .

A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which

答：C

解析：be different from - 介词并与 - 和什么不同，后面从句 be used to 也是短语，从句缺宾语，所以用what ,故选C。
Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and _____________________ it is rough or smooth .

A. / B. whether C. how D. what

答：B
Do you know where _____________ now ?

A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live

答：A
It was the teacher ________________ taugh me English .

A. as B. when C. this D. who

答：D
_______________ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger , more prosperous economy .

A. As B. That C. This D. It

答：D
I’d like to work with ___________ is honest and easy to get on with .

A.who B. whoever C. whomever D. no matter who

答：B

解析：介词宾语

三、翻译

那个在角落的女孩是否能上学取决(depend on) 于学费(tuition)

It depends on the tuition whether the girl in the corner can go to school .
我怀疑(doubt)他明天是否去上学

I doubt if/whether he will go to school tomorrow .
我期望明天不会下雨

I don’t expect (tha) it will rain tomorrow .
你买什么，我就买什么

what you buy is what I buy .
我在市场上要买的东西就是一辆车

It is a car what I will buy in the market .
楼窗户旁边的树上站着一只鸟是一个事实（fact）.

It is a fact that there is a bird in the tree besides the windows .
这个问题就是我们到哪里去拿这么多的树木

The question is where we go to take so many wood .
我认为一朵美丽的鲜花不会死

I don’t think (that) a beautiful flower will die .
正是在道路上发生了一场战争。

It was on the road that a war broke out .

定语从句

主系表句型 — be(联系动词do)
主谓宾 — do(vt)
主谓 — do(vi) — (不及物动词)
主谓宾补 — do(vt)
主谓宾宾 — do(vt) 记双宾语动词一定要记
There be (不及物动词 do) — be(不及物动词)

英文的定语有两种，一种是形容词，放在所修饰名词之前，一种是介词短语，放在所修饰名词之后，而定语从句就是相对介词短语来说的，把作为介词短语的定语扩展成为一个句子be, do

The lady in the corner is attractive .

主语定语系表语

The lady who(that) is in the corner is attractive .

定语从句

站在角落的那个女士很迷人。

The beautiful cat in the corner is attractive .

定主语定语系表

The beautiful cat which(that) is in the corner is attractive .

在角落的那只猫很迷人。
连词做主语或宾语：who — 主语或者宾语，修饰人

which — 主语或者宾语，修饰物

that — 主语或者宾语，修饰人或物

whom — 宾语，修饰人
关系代词做介词宾语

She is the girl who/(whom/that) I talk with .

She is the girl with whom I talk . — 做with的宾语，用whom，不能用that

It is the cat which(that) I looked for .

It is the cat for which I looked . — 做for的宾语，用which，不能用that

解析：当介词提前的时候，只能用严格意义上的宾语，所以介词宾语提前的时候，指人只能用whom，不能用who/that ，指物的时候只能用which，不能用that .

Malaria , the world’s most widespread parasitic(寄生虫引起的) disease , kills as many as three million people every year — almost all of whom are under five , very poor , and African .

解析：很多人在这里可看到of whom 后面的are，就会把whom填成who做主语，那这样就是错的。of 后面只能用宾格形式。

关系代词做定语（whose），修饰人或物

This is the student , whose scorce is zero .

这就是那个学生，他的分数是零分

I like the house , it’s windows faces the sea (错误)

I like the house , whose windows faces the sea (正确)

我喜欢这座房子，它的窗户面向大海。

I am a teacher , whose father is a farmer .

我的(定语) 父亲

我是一个老师，我的父亲是一个农民。

注意：比较名词性从句与定语从句的连词：that, which , whose

I know that she is a teacher .

I know that the girl is singing 我知道那个女孩在唱歌。 — 宾语从句

I know the girl that is singing 我知道那个唱歌的女孩。 — 定语从句

He tells the old man that she is a teacher . — 宾语从句

解析：因为定语从句是修饰名词的，所以这里有很多人会误解这句是定语从句，以为从句是修饰the old man ，但是不是的，这句其实是宾语从句，因为tell是双宾语动词，所以 the old man 是间接宾语，从句代替的是直接宾语，故为宾语从句。

The cat which is in the corner is attractive . — 定语从句

I know which book you buy — which 做定语 — 宾语从句

I am a teacher , whose father is a farmer . — 定语从句

I know whose book you buy — whose 做定语 — 宾语从句

注意：以下几种情况只能用that

当先行词被形容词的最高级形式修饰的时候

He is the tallest man that I saw .
当先行词本身是不定代词如 all, something , anything , nothing , somebody , anybody, nobody , 的时候，He tells me all that he knows .
当先行词被only, no , little , very 或者序数词（the first, second … ）修饰的时候， She is the first girl that I love .
当先行词本身是抽象名词的时候，比如way, idea, view等。Can you tell me the way that lead to the mountain ? — 你能告诉我通往大山的路吗？
关系代词做状语 when , where , why

When = 介词+which

It snowed in 1995, in 1995, I went to university . — 错误，一句话有2个谓语又没有连词。

It snowed in 1995 in which I went to university . — which 等同于1995，in which 做状语

It snowed in 1995 which I went to university — 错误， which 做主语或宾语

It snowed in 1995 when I went to university .

I remember the day, on the day , I married her . — 错误，一句话有2个谓语又没有连词。

I remember the day , on which I married her .

I remember the day when I married her . — when 做时间状语

Where = 介词+which

Last year , I visited the village , in the village, I spent my childhood . — 错误

Last year, I visisted the village in which I spent my childhood .

Last year, I visited the village where I spent my childhood — where 地点状语

Last year, I visited China , in China , there are many population . — 错误

Last year, I visited China , where there are many population .

Why = for + which

I know the reason, for the reason, the boss married her . — 错误

I know the reason for which the boss married her .

I know the reason why the boss married her — why 原因状语

非限制性定语从句：who, whose , which , as

I will go to see my wife who lives in Japan.

我要去看那个住在日本的妻子。（错误）

解析：这句话翻译过来有歧义，给人感觉有很多个妻子，可能还有法国的，美国的妻子，所以才会出现非限制性定语从句，就是不想把前面的名词限制的太死，限制的太死翻译的时候要翻译在名词的前面，会出现歧义。

I will go to see my wife , who lives in Japan .

我要去看我的妻子，我的妻子住在日本。

I am a teacher , whose father is a farmer .

My father gave him a lot of money, which makes me angry .

注意：Which 在非限制性定语从句代表前面的整句话。

The moon, which moves around the earth is beautiful .

月亮绕着地球转，它很漂亮。

注意：Which 也可以代表前面的名词

As you know, he didn’t go to school yesterday

He didn’t go to school yesterday , as you know .

注意：在非限制性定语从句里不能用that

as与which的区别：

（1）引导限制性定语从句时，在such, as , the same 后只能用as, 其他情况用which 。如：
1. I never heard such stories as he tells . 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
2. It’s the same story as I heard yesterday . 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
3. This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
（2）引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换。如：
1. 当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。如：
  
  As is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth once every month . 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。
  
  The moon travels round the earth once every month, which is known to everybody .
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远。

这你是知道的。
1. as引导非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制：
  
  He went abroad , as [which] was expected . 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。
  
  he went abroad , which was unexpected . 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。（不用as）
2. as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which则无此限制。
  
  如：The river , which flows through London, is called the Theames .
  
  这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（不用as）
3. 当as引导非限制性定语从句做主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而which则无此限制：
  
  She has married again, as [which] seemed natural .
  
  她又结婚了，这似乎很正常。
  
  She has married again , which delighted us . 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。
  1. 定语从句有多少个连词，这些连词做什么语法成分？
  2. 定语从句和名词性从句比较，连词比较。

定语从句练习

一、选择填空

The man __________ visited our school yesterday is from London .

A. who B. which C. whom D. when

答：A
That is one of those books that ______________ worth reading .

A. is B. are C. has D. have

答：B

解析：that 代替的是books先行词，而不是one of those books .故选B。
Because of my poor memory , all _____________ you told me has been forgotten .

A. that B. which C. what D. as

答：A
Do you remember those day _______________ we spent along the seashore very happily ?

A. when B. where C. which D. who

答：C

解析：从句中we是主语，spent是谓语，along the seashore是介词短语，所以缺宾语，故选C。
Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _______________ he lost last week .

A. which B. that C. whom D. as

答：D
Those ____________ want to go please sign their names here .

A. whom B. which C. who D. when

答：C
This is the only book _____________ I can find .

A. That B. which C. it D. with which

答：A
Who is the woman ___________ is sweeping the flloor over there ?

A. who B. / C. that D. when

答：C

解析：语法上A和C都可以，但是开头已经有了Who,所以再填who读起来很别扭，故选C
The man ___________ you talked just now is a worker .

A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who

答：C
The man ___________ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour .

A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which

答：A
The doctor ___________ is leaving for Africa next month .

A. the nurse is talking to hom B. whom the nurse is talking

C. (who) the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking

答：C
The man ________________ around our school is from America .

A. which you showed B. you showed him

C. you showed D. where you showed

答：C

解析：在定语从句里面，当that做宾语的时候可以省略
He talked about a hero __________ no one had ever heard .

A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who

答：A

解析：heard是不及物动词，后面应该+介词接宾语，heard of 听说，heard from 收到某人的来信。故选A
In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____________ were asked in French .

A. where B. who C. in which D. which

答：D

解析：were asked 是被动语句，所以缺主语，故选D
He is absent , _____________ is often the case .

A. what B. which C. who D. as

答：D

解析：这题在语法上来说B和D都可以选。老师给的答案是B，但我询问很多网友之后都选D，理由是 as is often the case 为固定搭配。但我在网上查询之后，发现也有which is of often the case的用法，所以只能说as is often the case 用的频率更高，故最好的答案选D。
Finally, the thief handed over everything ____________ he had stolen to the police .

A. that B. which C. whatever D. all

答：A
The foreign guests , __________ were government officals , were warmly welcomed at the airport .

A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those

答：C
This is the very letter ____________ came last night .

A. who B. which C. that D. as

答：C
I know only a little about this matter, you may ask ____________ knows better than I .

A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one

答：A

解析：从句中的you 为主语，ask为谓语，后面的句子为宾语从句。宾语从句中knows为谓语，缺主语，故选A。
This is the school _____________ we visited three days ago .

A. where B. / C. when D. what

答：B

解析：从句we为主语，visited为谓语，缺宾语。what是在名词性从句的时候充当宾语。that在定语从句做宾语时可以省略，故选B。
This is the factory ___________ we worked a year ago .

A. where B. that C. which D. on which

答：A

解析：从句中的work是不及物动词，故不缺宾语。并且D中的 on which ，不能说 on the factory ,而应该是 in the factory , 故D错。故选A，做地点状语。
Nearby were two canoes ___________________ they had come to the island .

A. which B. in which C. that D. /

答：B
Jack is please with ____________ you have given him and all ________________________ you have told him .

A. that , what B. what , that C. which , what D. that , which

答：B
Do you work near the building _____________ colour is yellow ?

A. that B. which C. its D. whose

答：D
In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person ____________________ she could turn for help .

A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom

答：C
We should read such books __________________ will make us better and wiser .

A. when B. as C. whose D. that

答：B
It is the first time ______________________ I have come to your city .

A. that B. which C. what D. when

答：D

解析：因为从句不缺成分，主谓宾完整，而that做主语或宾语，所以即使有序数词that修饰time，也不选that。而是选when做时间状语。
How many students are there in your class______________ homes are in the couuntry ?

A. whose B. who C. whom D. which

答：A
Alice received an invitation from her boss , ______________________ came as a surprise .

A. it B.which C. that D. he

答：B

解析：这里可以填which或as，但是这里只有which，所以选which。非限制性定语从句不能用that。
The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage _____________ already seven other people .

A. when there were B. which there were

C. that there were D. where there were

答：C
I live in the house ___________ windows face south .

A. which B. whose C. where D. in that

答：B
— What game is popular with them ?

The _________ most is tennis .

A. game they like it B. game they like

C. best game they like D. best game they like it

答：B

解析：B选项that做宾语可以省略，即原句 game that they like . A和D选项没有连词，C和D选项的best和most意义相同，故选B。
I shall never forget those years _____________ I lived in the country with the farmers , __________________ has a great effect on my life .

A. that , which B. when , which C. which , that D. when , who

答：B
The room ____________ Mr White lives is not very large .

A. that B. which C. where D. when

答：C
Don’t forget the day __________ you were received into the Youth League .

A. when B. that C. at which D. where

答：A
I’ve finished writing the novel , ____________ is to be published next month .

A. that B. what C. which D. when

答：C
He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle , __________________ was unexpected .

A. which B. as C. that D. it

答：A
________________ we is known to all , English is not very difficult to learn .

A. What B. As C. That D. Which

答：B
The old man had three sons , all of ______________ died during World War II .

A. whose B. that C. whom D. who

答：C
I have bought two pens , _____________ write well .

A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which

答：C

解析：老师这题答案选B。首先,A、D只能用于三者或三者以上.其次,如果选B的话后边的write应该用三单形式,因为neither表示“哪一个也不”。所以这题我怀疑老师的答案是错的。
Do you know the reason _____________ she has changed her mind ?

A. why B. which C. for that D. of which

答：A
He failed in the exam , ______________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough .

A. which B. what C. it D. that

答：A
_______________ was expected , he succeeded in the exam .

A. It B. Which C. As D. That

答：C
He studied hard and later became a well-known writer , ____________ his father expected .

A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what

答：D

二、翻译

去年我们寻找的那个女孩已经很漂亮了，这是一个事实。

The girl whom we found last year has been very beautiful , which is a fact .
他到中国去读书，哪里有悠久的历史，这一点他事先并不知道。

He went to China to study , where there is a long history , which he had not known in advanced.
曾经有一段时间，他在北京大学读历史，在那里发生了很多有趣的故事。

There was times when he learned history in Beijing university , where a lot of interesting story occured .
我昨天买了一座房子，面朝大海，那是我向往已久的地方。

I bought a house , whose windows face the sea , to which I have been looking forward .
我不会忘记和你结婚的那一天，那一天是我生命中的转折点。

I will never forget the day when I married you , which was my critical point in my life .
正如他从历史课本了解到的一样，这就是伟人死亡的原因。

As he knows from the historical textbook , it is the reason why the great man died .

状语从句

状语从句：一个句子修饰另一个句子的动词

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时间状语从句连词： when, while, as soon as , until, till , now that , as , before , after , since , every time , next time , each time , the day , the year , the moment , once , whenever , no sooner … than , hardly … when , immediately , directly

条件状语从句连词： if, unless , as long as (只要), so long as (只要), suppose (that) (假如，假定), provide (that) (假如，如果), in case (如果，万一), even if (即使，尽管，就算), on condition that (条件是), granted that (假定，就算), whether (不管)

目的状语从句连词： in order that (为了), so that (因此，以便), so , in case (以免，免得，以备，以防), lest (免得，以免), for fear that (生怕，以免)
1、连接词“for fear that”可以用来引导虚拟语气。
其形式通常为：“for fear that +主语+ should +动词原形”。
2、句中的should可以省去：
例题一：I will not make a noise for fear that I (should) disturb you.
我不会做声的，以免打扰你。
例题二：He walked fast for fear that he（ should） be late.
他快走,以免迟到；
例题三：He worked hard for fear that he（ might ）be fired by the boss.
他拼命地干活惟恐被老板解雇.

结果状语从句： so … that , so that , such … that , such that , otherwise , or else , else , that
注意： that可以单独引导结果状语从句，如： What was the matter withh the fellow that he looked so happy ? 那人怎么回事，看起来这样高兴？

原因状语从句连词： because , as(由于，因为), since (既然), seeing (that) (由于), considering (that) (由于，考虑到)

让步状语从句连词： Although (虽然) , though (尽管，虽然) , even if (即使，尽管，纵然，就算) , even though (尽管), as (尽管，虽然) , wherever (无论什么地方),whoever (无论谁), however (不管怎样), whatever (无论什么), no matter what (不管…), no matter how (不管怎样), whether (不管)

方式状语从句连词： as , as if (好像，似乎), as though (好像) , the way (…的方式), the same way (同样的方式) , however(无论怎样) , like

地点状语从句连词：where , wherever , anywhere , everywhere

比较状语从句连词： than , as … as (和…一样), not as … as (和…不一样)

长难句

断句方法，最基本的特征，1：连词，2：分词

主系表 2. 主谓宾 3. 主谓 4. 主谓宾宾 5. 主谓宾补 6. there be(do) + 名词 + 介词短语（表达时间的副词）
We might use some kind of test to aid the selection process ,/ but we usually pick a candidate/ who interviews well , has good qualifications and an impressive work record .
He wants to transform his sport / the way other great athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods have .

解析：同位语从句
Michael won the 200-meter butterfly with a new world mark , / and also turned in record times in the 100-meter butterfly and 200-meter individual medley (混合泳) — /doing so on the same day , / which was a first in swimming history .

解析：第一个and连接句子，第二个and连接单词
The station is for workers , / and it puts an additional burden on the crew to have people up here / that are not doing science or conducting experiments / that are productive .
Space Adventures Chief Eric Anderson said / he could not disclose / what Shuttleworth was paying for the trip , / but added / that a Russian official had been quoted as saying the price was no worse than Tito’s fare , / which was widely reported to be $20 million .
It’s not uncommon for McGrady , / who signed with Oriando in 2002 , to shoot 200 jumpers after practice , grab a healthy bite to eat and go to work out with the Log Angeles Lakers’ Shaquillc O’Neal , / who owns a home in Orlando .
To test the structure , the engineers ,/ sponsored by the U . K . Department of International Development , took it to the Earthquake Engineering and Vibration Research Centre in Bangalore , / which has a state-of-the-art earthquake simulator (模拟装置) 。

解析：the engineers 是主语， sponsored 是过去分词，前面省略了 who were
It is the yakking itself ---- or more precisely , the continuous conversation with someone / who isn’t present — that makes
Today those same executives and joumalists / who feared computers wouldn’t be found without having their portable computers on their laps .
There are usually a number of conveniences available for those / living in university residence halls .

解析：living 现在分词作定语，前面省略了 who are , who修饰 those
Only by asking the right questions can you confirm the suitability of the candidate or put pressure on those / who are being less than completely honest .
You driving performance / while talking on a cell phone is weakened at levels comparable to , or worse than , driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 , / which is the legal limit in most states of America .
There are many publich notices on trains and buses / giving out the warning / that smoking is linked to lung cancer and other lung and heart diseases .
The warning against alcohol consumption is of a different kind . It goes out especially to women who are pregnant and anyone , operating a car or electrical machinery .
But recent studies suggest / that it isn’t the dialing’ or the arm waving(挥舞，招手) / that makes driving / while talking on a cell phone dangerous .
They are responsible for their own lives , / needing to learn to manager their time and find a job , / while attending school .
British and Indian engineers are developing earthquake-proot housing / using a cheap , universal material : bamboo .
Given the cost involved , this was not as odd as it now seems .

解析: 原句其实是这样：It was given the cost which involved , …
Also anyone / operating a machine / runs the risk of an accident / which could be fatal(致命的) .
National Aviation and Space Adminstration (NASA) and its partners in the International Space Station have agreed in principle to let a 28-year-old South African become the second paying tourist on the orbiting(环绕，围绕) tourist , the U.S. space angency said on Tuesday .

阅读理解技巧

阅读技巧

阅读理解论说文的中心思想

文章写作结构：总（论点）— 分（举例子）— 总（呼应论点）

举例子 — 引出论点 — 分析说明 — 总结

基本读法：串线，读论点与论证。

段落写作结构：总 — 分；分（for example, for instance, such as） — 总

文章中心思想：

第一句。如果第一句是否定句或者疑问句，则看第二句；如果有连续的排比否定句或连续的疑问句，则要看对否定句的肯定句或对疑问句的肯定答复。考生应注意，所谓的否定并不是指形式的否定。比如：我不是一个学生。我是一名老师。因此，除了not以外，考生还应注意一些隐性否定词，比如：false, ignore, neglect, too … to …, few, little, hardly, scarely, seldomly, fail, error, mistake, incorrect, unture, reluctant(不情愿的，勉强的), refuse, reject, difficulty, doubtful, suspect(怀疑), lie.

要注意双重否定是为肯定。

（北京市2005年学位英语真题）When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in anew or upsetting situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do .
1. According to this passage, intelligence is _________________ .
  
  A. the ability to study well .
  
  B. the ability to do well in school.
  
  C. the ability to deal with life.
  
  D. the ability to get high scores on some tests.
  
  答：C
如果第一段的任何一句出现，But, Neverthless, However(however,), Yet, Unfortunately, Fortunately, So, Today, Now(now), Nowadays(现在), This day, These(these) days, new等表达转折意思的词，此为中心句。同理，如果第二段的第一句或者第三段的第一句有类似词，一般为中心，要注意看结论的呼应。有时引号，冒号也是体现中心的标志。

（2007年广东省高考）How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation (通货膨胀)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate . Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increasee your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques.
1. According to the passage, collecting antique clocks _______________________ .
  
  A. can hardly keep the value of your savings
  
  B. will cost much of your savings.
  
  C. may increase your wealth.
  
  D. needs your bravery.
（2008年广东省学位英语）Is new technology damaging our ability to communicate ? Fingers flying, we can blog(写博客文章), email, and enter chat rooms. But, as we type our millions of words, something is being lost. As our virtual skills increase, I wonder if our ability to communicate using speech is on the decline.
1. The author believes that if the phone had been invented after the computer, people would ____ .
  
  A. be eager to learn how to use the phone.
  
  B. be glad to have both means of communcation.
  
  C. still prefer typing words on the computer.
  
  D. show little interest in the phone.
记叙文，或者讲故事，文章的中心思想通常在最后一段的最后一句，当然，文章的格式不是千篇一律的。有些记叙文的中心会放在第一段的第二句。第一句是引子；有些文章的中心放在第一段的第一句，第一段是引子。所以记叙文或者讲故事的文章要注意看三个地方，第一段第二句，第二段第一句，最后一段最后一句。

如何读文章与选答案？— 当你拿到一篇文章的时候，应该按照一些顺序进行操作：
1. 区分文章体裁（读第一句，第二句）
2. 抓中心句和结论句
3. 如果中心句不明确，可以先不用考虑中心句。这时只要看文章后面的5个问题的题干，也可以抓中心词。（中心句和结论句重复最多的单词或者5个问题的题干重复最多的单词）
4. 不读文章，直接读问题，对问题进行分类，看问题考的是什么。
5. 解题的四大原则
  1. 先读有中心词的选项（一般就是答案，但要注意否定与结论）。考生要特别注意隐性否定词，除了not以外，还有false, ignore, neglect, too … to …, few, little, hardly, scarely, seldomly, fail, error, mistake, incorrect, unture, reluctant(不情愿的，勉强的), refuse, reject, difficulty, doubtful, suspect(怀疑), lie.要注意双重否定是为肯定。
  2. 再读相对词的选项（一般是答案，但要注意否定）（相对词may, might, can, could, often, usually, sometimes, some, probable, possible, probably, actually, certain, should, many, almost, nearly, seems, likely (like to), one, another, other, remain, tend to, every day）。绝对词一般不是答案（除非原文也重复出现）（only, all, always, never, must, have to, completely, absolutely, entirely, utterly, completely, absolutely）, 但是要特别注意肯定与否定。— 慎重使用，往往用在两个模糊不清的答案时。
  3. 关键词回归定位（要注意句子的结构和重心）
  4. 段落中but, however, yet, finally, so, as a result, turn out, latest, moreover, what more, most important, 等表达转折与中介的地方做标志，因为这些通常有答案，尤其是前4个单词出现的句子基本上就是答案所在，要特别注意。
  ABCD出现以下单词的一般为正确答案。
  1. 表达保留的概念一般是解：still, remain, leave, rest, daily(every day), means, tittle.
  2. 表达趋势的概念一般是解：new, aware, look, move, shift, likely(like to), seems, threat(hazard(危险，危害)), potential, development, advance, improve.
  3. 表达影响的概念一般是解：influnce, strong, between, vary, efficient, cause, attract, no less than, base, fundamentally.
  I know a man who was asked to be the new dean(院长) of the college of business of a large university . When he first arrived , he studied the situation the college faced and felt that what it needed most was money. He recognized that he had a unique capacity to raise money, and he developed a real sense of vision about fund-raising as his primary function.
  
  This crated a problem in the college because past deans had focused mainly on meeting day-to-day faculty need . This new dean was never there. He was running around the country trying to raise money for research. Butt he was not attending to the day-to-day things as the previous dean had. The faculty, who were used to working with the person at the top, had to work through his administrative assistant.
  
  The faculty became so upset with his absence that they sent a delegation to the president of the university to demand a new dean or a fundamental change in his leadership style. The president, who knew what the dean was doing, said: “relax, he was a good administrative assistant. Give him some more time.”
  
  Within a short time. The money started pouring in and the faculty began to recognize the vision. It wasn’t long until every time they saw the dean, they would say “get out of here! We don’t want to see you. Go out and bring in more funds. Your administrative assistant runs this office better than anyone else.”
  
  This man admitted to me later that the mistake he made was not doing enough team building, enough explaining, enough educating about what he was trying to accomplish. From him, I learn a powerful lession. We need to constantly be asking ourselves, “what is neede out there, and what is my unique strength?”
  1. The new dean thought that the most important thing for him to do was to ____________ .
    
    A. gain a sense of vision
    
    B. set up a primary goal
    
    C. win the trust of the faculty
    
    D. raise money
  2. The new dean was diffierent from the past deans in that _______________ .
    
    A. he was less responsible
    
    B. he didn’t attend to daily things
    
    C. he had an adminstrative assistant
    
    D. he didn’t like to talk with others
  3. we can learn from the passage that the faculty ____________
    
    A. was not well paid for their work
    
    B. didn’t understand the new dean’s ideas at first
    
    C. had a conflict with the president of the university
    
    D. didn’t want to work with the administrative assistant
    
    答：B
  4. The faculty would ask the new dean to get out because they ____________ .
    
    A. were upset by his deadership style
    
    B. wanted to get rid of him
    
    C. were unhappy with his explanation
    
    D. wanted him to bring back more money
  5. What was the mistake the new dean realized he had made ?
    
    A. he was absent all the year around
    
    B. he was insensitive to the faculty’s need
    
    C. he didn’t communicate well with the faculty
    
    D. he didn’t work hard tto accomplish his goal
  There is a measurable relation between how much a person learns and his attitude toward the subject to be learned. When faced with a difficult learning task, one path to success is to concentrate on the positive aspects of the subject matter. If a student has a boring teacher, one solution is to look for the positive aspects of completing the course, regardless of how boring the teacher happens to he. To accomplish this might require a private tutor or some independent reading, but with the right attitude, success is possible.
  
  Over-achievers- students who do better than their test scores show --usually have a positive interest toward learning. They may learn some things more slowly, and they may make their efforts, but, to compensate, they are often better at applying what they have learned. As long as they do not have emotional problems, they are successful.
  
  Under-achievers – those who function below their ability shown by test scores – often tend to allow a few negative factors to affect them. Because of their negative attitudes, they sometimes become mffairdly critical of teachers.They allow themselves to get bored when it is not necessary. In short, their attitudes often cause them to learn less than over-achievers.
  
  If you learn to replace a negative attitude toward learning with something more positive you are on the road to achieving almost any goal you desire.For example, if you realize a personal computer with a word processor would improve your pefformmme, but have an attitude that keeps telling you that a computer is difficult to operate, you tend to make all kinds of excuses. In short,you resist making full use of a terrific tool, simply because your negative attitude prevent you from learning.
一，But, however, Today … 冒号，双引号

二、任务介绍：第一段第二句

三、第一段第一句，第一段最后一句，第二段第一句

判断？— 读5个题干，读结论句。

如何读句子？
宾语从句（同位语从句）that之后是重点理解；

（2009年广东省高考）I had in my hand a sheet of paper with handwritten instructions on it for some sort of editorial task. It occurred at first that I did not recognize the handwriting, and then I realized whose it must be. I finally became aware of the fact that been working with this colleague for at least a year, maybe two, and yet I did not recognize her handwriting at that point.
1. Why was the author surprised at not recognizing his colleague’s handwriting?
  
  A. He had worked with his colleague long enough.
  
  B. His colleague’s handwriting was so beautiful.
  
  C. His colleague’s handwriting was so terrible.
  
  D. He still had a lot of work to do.
  
  答：A
定语从句优先理解主句，尤其是who引导的从句一般为干扰；

（2004年广州中考）In 1770, Wolfgand Kempelen (1734-1084) built a wooden robot called Turk that was able to play chess (SUR). It played very well and even beat some of the top chess players of the time ! Later it was found that lurk was not real. Inside the box machine was a chess player.
1. Turk ___________ .
  
  A. was able to play chess very well
  
  B. was only a dream of Wolfgand Kempelen
  
  C. was made of wood
  
  D. was really Wolfgund Kempelen himself
  
  答：C
状语从句优先理解主句，如有转折，but, however, yet, 应理解这些词的后面。

Although people clearly admire the long legs of Brazilian model Ana Hickmann or Dolly Parton’s breasts, in general humans like averages.
1. Which of the following can best describe the main idea of Paragraph 1 ?
  
  A. The way to define the face of a criminal.
  
  B. Most people admire the long legs of Ana Hickmann or Dolly Parton’s breasts.
  
  C. Darwin’s cousin F. Ualton was the first person who began to define faces.
  
  D. The relation between the fact of the villian and the faces of averages.
(2008年广东省高考) The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoy’s description-- it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts: other things that could be said of the man are not said.
1. Tolstoy’s description of Napoleon in War and Peace is ___________ .
  
  A. far from the historical facts
  
  B. based on the Russian history
  
  C. based on his selection of facts
  
  D. not related to historical details
  
  答：C
并列句应用重点理解后面的句子

（北京市2005年学位英语真题）Trees are useful to man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts(干旱) and floods.
1. What is the most important function of trees?
  
  A. Providing fuel. B. Offering shade.
  
  C.Preventing natural disaster. D. Providing wood.
句子中有双引号引起的词是为重点，破折号，冒号等后面的解释是为重点

（2007年广东省高考）Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create his life of good feelings.
1. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage.
  
  A. How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of Peacefulness
  
  C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect D. Happiness through Honorable Actions
  
  答：D

阅读理解六大题型解题方法

文章主旨题（无论什么题材，主旨题留到最后做，可以通过其他几道题来推论），一般提问词有title, mainly, focus, concern about, subject, show, tell us, about, theme, learn from 等。

答案出处：
1. 主题句
2. 结论句
3. 其他几道题的推论
文章推论（看结论句），提问词有infer, imply, conclude, intention, opinion, views, to, purpose, intend to等。

答案出处：
1. 文章推论看文章结论，段落推论看段落结论。
2. 段落推论（for example, for instance）先举例后总结看段落最后一句；先总结后举例看段落第一句，有转折和总结的看其后面。（即抓段落主题）
作者态度：attitude, tone

答案出处：
1. （1）支持，乐观，赞同（2）客观，中立，公正（3）反对，批评，怀疑，因此，等价选项都不选
2. 在明显相反的两项选择。
3. 有些选项一定不是答案，比如：
  
  indifferent(漠不关心的)；biased(有偏见的)；puzzled(迷惑不解的)
4. 以下表态度的单词要记一记：
  
  concern(关心的)，objective(客观的), subjective(主观的), ridiculous(荒唐的), positive(肯定的)，support(支持的), negative(否定的), agreeing(赞成的), opposite(反对的), doubtful(怀疑的)， critical(批评的), favorable(支持的)， friendly(友好的)，unfriendly(不友好的)，optimistic(乐观的)，pessimistic(悲观的)
5. 词义解释
  
  答案出处：
  1. 主题句
  2. 关键词定位回文章，一般上下句有单词重复。
  3. 猜词（可以通过上下句连词猜，也可以通过词根猜，一般要排除选项中同词根的词）
6. 对错排除：which of the following statement about XX is true ?(incorrect, false, except, not true, untrue)
  
  答案出处：先看ABCD谁符合中心思想，符合中心思想即为正确，再回到原文定位答案。
7. 查细节：关键词定位回归。
  
  a) ABCD重复3到4个相同的词就是关键词
  
  What might be the most suitable title for the text ?
  
  A. Two Important Tests on Airplanes
  
  B. The Importance of Flying Safely.
  
  C. The Danger of Testing Airplanes.
  
  D. How Airplanes are Made and Tested.
  
  b) 找大写，数字，地名，人名，特征明显的单词
注意宾语从句that --> 从句；定语从句who, 一般删掉重聚；but, however, yet, 答案一般在后面，有双引号，破折号，冒号的一般为答案。

各种从句考点

考试大纲要求：领会式掌握4250个单词和500个常用词组。

我们的备考思路：听20个小时的语法课，把语法彻底掌握；基础不好的，听30个小时以上的语法课。

从句；非谓语动词；分词；虚拟语气（时态），倒装

Call the university operator , __________ you will find the phone number of Professor Smith .

A. so B. and C. when D. before

解析：要记考点：1. when 考点只有一个“主将从现”，2. before的考点只有一个：it is long times before + 从句；so 考点是一些固定搭配。
1. 宾语从句的四种形式
  1. 主语+谓语（及物动词do）+ 从句
    
    He knows that the teacher is in classroom .
  2. 主语+谓语（带双宾语的动词do）+ 宾语（人）+ 从句
    
    He tells me that she is a teacher
  3. 主语+谓语（及物动词do）+ it(形式宾语) + 补语+从句
    
    I find Chinese important .
    
    主谓宾补
    
    I find that we make a quick decision about this matter important .
    
    主谓宾语从句补
  4. 主语+系动词（be）+ 表语 + （介词）+ that从句
    
    sure, certain , glad , please , happy , sorry , afraid , satisfied , surprised
    
    I am sure about your exam .
    
    I am sure (that) you can pass the exam .
    
    宾语从句的连词：
    
    （1）that (2) whether (or not) 或 if ; （3）which (whichever), who (whoever), whom (whomever), whose (whosever) , what (whatever); (4) when (whenever) , where (wherever), why , how (however);
    
    (5) how many , how much , how long (现在完成时), how often (twice a week), how soon (one hour later)
    
    主语：doubt 肯定句后接whether , 否定句（few, little, rarely, hardly, scarely , seldom , neither … nor …）或疑问句that ; 如果否定词前面加 a 那就是肯定了，如 a few , a little
    
    I doubt whether he will come tommorrow .
    
    I sedlomly doubt that he will come .
2. 表语从句
  1. 主语+系动词be+从句
    
    主语：that 不能省略， if不引导表语从句，如果主语是抽象性名称概念，则用that引导，不用别的词。比如：the (reason, fact , idea) is that
    
    The reason is _that he didn’t go to school .
    
    It (this/that) is because (why)
3. 主语从句
  
  （1）it + be + 表语 + that从句
  
  It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film .
  
  (2) it + do + (宾语/宾宾/宾补) + that 从句
  
  注意：that 不能省略，if不引导主语从句
4. 强调句
  
  （1）it + be + 表语（如果是人） + that / (who, whom) + 句子
  
  It was the football team and I that (who) helped the old man .
5. 同位语从句
  
  抽象性名词之后（news , idea , concept , fact , promise , question , doubt , thought , hope , message , suggestion , words (消息)，decision , possibility ）+ that 从句
  
  We must remember the fact that goats sually live in mountainous country .
6. 感叹句：what , how
  
  What a beautiful weather it is !
  
  How beautiful the weather is !
  
  解析：What 只能修饰名词weather，How是副词，修饰形容词。What句中的beautiful是修饰weather的。
7. 定语从句：which , that , who , whom , where , when , why , as , whose
  
  注意：连词在定语从句做宾语的时候可以省略
  
  名词之后+从句
  
  She is the girl who / (whom/that) I talk with .
  
  I like the house , whose windows face the sea .
  
  (1) that 做主语或宾语，修饰人或物。— 先行词前面有最高级修饰的时候；先行词本身是不定代词的时候，或者有very , little , no , only ; 先行词本身是抽象名词的时候（idea, way , fact）
  1. He tells me all that he knows .
  2. She is the tallest girl that I konw .
  3. She is the first girl that I know .
  4. This is the way that leads to the mountain .
  (2) 介词宾语，介词提前只能用whom , which , 如 she is the girl for whom I look
  
  (3) 非限制性定语从句，用which 或 who , as , 做主语或宾语。
  
  (4) whose, 做定语，表示人或物，如：I like the house , whose windows face the sea .
  
  (5) 状语：when=介词（in , on ）+ which , where=介词（in , on）+ which . why = for + which
8. 状语从句
  
  (1) 时间状语从句：
  
  — while 有2个考点，要么后面用进行态；
  
  I was writing the homework while my father was listening to the radio .
  
  要么表示前后对比，翻译成“虽然”， “但是”，往往表达一种不满。The soliders face the powder , while the beauty powder the faces .
  
  (2) 表示“前后对比”的词：while , whereas , by(in) contrast ,on one hand , on the other hand , in comparison , conversely
  
  表示前后“相反的词”，on the contrary , instead (of) 相反，in fact (事实上)， rather than (而不是)
  
  (3) as 的用法
  1. as 表示一边 … 一边… (时间状语)
  2. as做“尽管”的意思，要倒装（让步状语）
    
    主系表句型：倒表语
    
    Child as he was , he knew what was the right thing to do .
    
    = Though he was a small child , he know what was the right thing to do .
    
    Try hard as as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily .
    
    = Though he tries hard , he never seems …
  3. as … as … not so … as … (比较状语)
  4. so as to , as to (目的状语)
  5. such as (定语从句)
  6. so long as , as long as (条件状语)
  7. Just as we sweep our rooms , so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds . (方式状语)
  (4) before 考点 — it is long times before + 从句
  
  (5) until 考点 — not … until
  
  (6) since 考点 — 现在完成时
  
  I have been in Beijing since you left
  
  I have been in Beijing for 6 years .
  
  (7) as soon as , the moment , the instant , the minute , immediately , directly ,
  
  等引导的时间状语从句，这些连词都表示 “…就…”
  
  (8) hardly (scarcely , rarely ) … when / no sooner … that 相当于 as soon as 之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely 和 no sooner 位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：
  
  No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work . 太阳刚从地平线升起，他就起床劳动去了。
  
  (9) by the time 考点：主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。
  
  (10) so long as , as long as
  
  You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark .
  
  条件状语从句考点：如果provided (that) , otherwise 否则，unless (=if not)除非，on condition that
  
  注意：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用，当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
  
  地点状语从句：Where + 地点从句，（there）+ 主句
  
  Where there is no rain , farming is difficult or impossible .
  
  原因状语从句考点: in that , now that
  
  目的状语从句考点：so that (以致于) ， so … that (如此… 以致于)，in order that(to), such that only to (不料)
  
  too … to …（太…而不能…）, in order to , lest , for fear that (of)(以防万一)，in case (of) (以防万一)
  
  要注意so that 和 such that的区别：such 是形容词，如此处做表语，如：The force of the explosion is such that it blew out all the windows
  
  So that 是连接副词
  
  He speaks slowly so that she can understand what he said .
  
  还要注意So 和 such 的区别：so+形容词，such + 名词
  
  让步状语从句考点：in spite of , despite of + 名词（动名词）
  
  Although he is rich , yet he is not happy .
  
  No matter what happened , he would not mind .
  
  Whatever happened , he would not mind .
  
  He eats whatever he likes — 名词性从句与状语从句的区别
  
  比较状语从句考点：as … as … more than than that (those) , 倍数的三种表达方法。
  
  肯定结构： as … as … ，否定结构 not … so … as , not … as … as
  
  He work up as suddenly as he had fallen alseep. 他醒来得和入睡一样突然。（第一个as是副词）
  
  I have never seen so much rain as fell that February . 我从未见过像那个二月那么多雨。（否定结构常用 so … as , 也可用 as … as ）
  
  原级
  1. as … as 和 … 一样
    
    Jack is as tall as Bob .
    
    杰克和汤姆一样高。
  2. not so(as) … as … 和不一样
    
    She is not so(as) outgoing as her sister .
    
    她不如她姐姐外向。
  比较级
  1. more … than (更)
    
    This book is more instructive than that one
    
    这本书比那本书有教育意义
  高级
  1. The most in/of
    
    This book is the most interesting of the three .
    
    这本书是三本书中最有趣的。
  2. the + 形容词 + est … of/in
    
    This road is the busiest street in our city .
    
    这条路是我们城市罪繁忙的街道。
    
    倍数表达法有三种：
    
    倍数 + 原级倍数 + 比较级倍数 + 名词短语
    
    例如: 和 — 三倍一样长
    1. three times as long as
    2. three times longer than
    3. three times the lenght of
    再如：和 ---- 四倍一样宽
    1. four times as wide as
    2. three times wider than
    3. three times the width of
    4. no more than 只不过（嫌少的意思）nothing more than 只不过
    5. 方式状语 as if , as tthough (虚拟语气)
    6. besides , except , other than 除了 rahter than 而不是
      
      除了语文，我们还学数学（我们学语文和数学）
      
      Besides chinese , we learn maths .
      
      除了语文，我们学数学（我们不学语文）
      
      Except, we learn maths .
    7. so far (到目前为止)、by far (尤其，特别,一般修饰比较级)

从句练习

"You know __________________ I like about him : he is so normal " powell added .

A. when B. how C. which D. what

答：B

解析：about him 是介词短语，修饰名词或动词。所以这里缺宾语，故选D
I didn’t realize that I had lost my key _____________ I got home and found it wasn’t in my bag .

A. when B. until C. the moment D. no sonner

答：B
John decided to go for a hoilday by ship ______________ the fact that he was usually seasick .

A. in spite of B. in case of C. because D. as a result of
I was raised to farm work , _______________________ I continued till I was 22 .

A. that B. which C… where D. in case
_________________ , I was pleased that I was finally learning to be more aggressive , to make my own choices .

A. In the way B. To a ceertain extent

C. In final analysis D. Under no circustances
Did you even ____________ what makes some people become friends and others no t ?

非谓语动词考点

动词不定式考点：
1. 做主语有形式上的主语it, 如：
  
  To get there will take us half an hour -> It will take us half an hour to get there .
2. 当表语是人身上的某种品格的时候用of，比如knid(善良的)，clever(聪明的)，stupid(愚蠢的)，good(好)，typical(典型的)，friendly(友好的)，fool(愚蠢的)，否则用for，比如important, necessary, essential等等如：
  
  It is very knid of you to do this .
  
  It is very important for you to do this .
3. 做宾补：在使役动词和感官动词后面的动词不定式做宾语补语要省略to，被动语态下不省。see , watch, hear , notice, feel , sound , have , make , help
  
  Tom saw his brother swim in the river . -> The brother was seen to swim in the river by Tom .
4. 做状语：only to , too … to … , so as to … , in order to … , but(to) , as to , intend to, tend to
  
  Do … but …(to) do 如：
  
  They can do nothing but give up their outdoor travel . (did, have done, be doing)
  
  解析：如果是do，则but后面需要省略to
  
  They can write nothing but to give up their reading .
  
  解析：如果把do变成任何一个动词，那么but后面都必须加to
5. 动词不定式做定语，在六大句型里都可以做定语。
  1. This is the best way to arrive at the No.1 middle school .
    
    不定式做定语时，一般可转换为定语从句：This is the best way that will arrive at the No.1 middle school .
  2. Do you have anything to be taken to your sister ?
  3. Do you have anything to say on the question ?
  4. Would you please give me some paper to write on ?
  5. Where is the house to live in ?
  不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
  1. 与被修饰之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例3）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例2）。
  2. 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如果是不及物动词，则需加介词（例4）
  建议记一些常见的不及物动词：live in , stay in , listen to , look at , laugh at , talk to , speak with (to) , agree on , belong to , sit at , arrive in (at) , prepare for , pay in ,write on , stand in
6. 疑问结构：疑问词 what , where , how 等+to do , 做主语，做宾语，做表语：
  
  I don’t know what to do .
  
  How to do this is under considered .
  
  He forgot where to go .
动名词考点
1. 做宾语：appreciate 欣赏 avoid 避免 can’t help 不禁 can’t stand 受不了 cconsider 考虑 delay 延迟 deny 否认 enjoy 享有，喜爱 escape 逃跑，逃避 favor 赞成，偏爱 finish 完成，结束 imagine 设想 mind 介意 practice 实行，实践 prevent 阻止 resist 抵抗，阻止 risk 冒险 suggest 建议，tolerate 忍受
  
  注：在考试时，如果一道题提供动词不定式和动名词供学生选择时，如果选项部分做的是宾语，一般选动名词，不选不定式。
2. 动名词复合结构：Mind 的特殊用法：mind doing sth , mind (my) doing
  
  Would you mind my/me using your computer ?
  
  用下你的电脑介意吗？
  
  Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset .
  
  玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
3. 做介词宾语：介词后面是宾语，应严格用宾格形式（如定语从句of whom/which）of doing
4. 主动表被动 need , want , require , worth 后用主动表被动
  
  Your hair wants cutting . 你的头发该理了。
  
  The floor requires washing . 地板需要冲洗。-> 转成动词不定式：The floor requires to be washed .
  
  The book is worth reading . 这本书值的一读。
5. 习惯用法：be used to doing (习惯做某事)/ used to do (过去经常做某事)/ look forward to doing (期盼做某事) / be accustomed to doing (习惯做某事)/ prefer doing to doing (比起…来更宁愿做某事)/ devote sth to sth , be object to doing (反对做某事), have difficulty(trouble) (in) doing sth / spend sometimes(money) in doing sth / spend sometimes(money) on sth / (stop)prevent sb from doing sth (阻止某人做某事), be busy in doing (忙于做某事)/ be worth doing (值的做某事)/ be worthy of doing (值的做某事)

分词考点：

分词作表语：如果人是主语用过去分词，如果物是主语用现在分词。
1. The story was very interesting .
2. I was very interested .
分词作状语：
1. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent . (seen表被动)
2. Seeing the drawer , he took out a box . (seeing表主动)
3. Not knowing her address , we couldn’t get in touch with her .
  
  注意：分词的否定形式，在分词的前面加not。过去分词表示被动，现在分词表示主动。
分词的独立主格
1. His mother being ill , he didn’t go to school 由于前后面两个句子中间是逗号，所以应看成是一句话，前面理解成短语结构。
2. Being ill , he didn’t go to school . 前面的句子省略了主语he , 因为前后两个句子在逻辑上主语是相同的。
分词作宾语补语：
1. 现在分词作宾补：感官动词后面可以用现在分词作宾语补语 see , watch , hear , notice , feel , sound , find , keep , have
  
  如： Tom saw his brother swimming in the river
  
  过去分词作宾补：一般用have/get/want/make sth done 的句型
  
  如：I will have the clothes washed tomorrow .

注意：一般情况下：考试时出现having done 为正确答案，有完成选完成，有被动选被动。

		一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在分词(动名词)	主动	doing		having done
现在分词(动名词)	被动	being done		having been done
过去分词	主动	done
过去分词	被动
不定式	主动	to do	to be doing	to have done	to have been doing
不定式	被动	to be done		to have been done

非谓语练习

All the people ___________ will be assembled in the hall to have a discussion on the issue .

A. joined B. connected C. involving D. concerned

答：D

解析：定语从句修饰people，选D，与之相关的人解。还原定语从句：All the people who are concerned …
Lsrael(以色列) spends at least 600 million a year __________ setlements , according to study by the daily newspaper Haarets .

A. in B. to C. on D. for

答：C

解析：spend sometimes/money in doing sth . spend sometimes/money on sth .
It takes more energy to do a job in two minutes than __________ the same job in two hours .

A. to do B. do C. will do D. is doing

答：A

解析：it 在这里做形式主语，后面的to do a job in two minutes 动词不定式做真正的主语。than 在这里平行并列2个句子，故主语要一致，故选A。
I felt it _________ to be a general manager in such a big joint-venture company .

A. challenged B. being challenged C. challenging D. to be challenged

答：A

解析：it是形式宾语，后面的to be a …是真正的主语。这里表被动，被挑战，故选A。
In such an embarrassed situation , Julia didn’t know __________ for her master or go home .

A. whether she must wait B. if she had to wait C. whether to wait D. if to wait

答：C

解析：考察不定式的疑问词结构，并且最后用了or，故选whether，whether … or (not)
1. It is typical ____________ him to be so rude before his parents .
A. for B. to C.with D. of

答：D
Life on earth is ___________ varied and complex .

A. groundlessly B. shockingly C. amazingly D. broadly

答：C

解析：groundlessly 毫无根据地 shockingly 惊人地，骇人地，很坏地 amaingly 惊人地，令人惊讶地 broadly 广泛地
Life on earth is ________________ varied and complex .

A. amazingly B. amusedly C. amazedly D. amusingly

答：A

解析：amusedly/amusingly 好笑地，娱乐地。本题选A，惊人地。因为Life 和amaze表主动关系，所以不选C，故选A
When he arrived at the village , he found ___________ the aged and the sick at home.

A. none but B. anyone but C. nothing but D. no other than

答：A

解析：the aged 老人 the sick 病人，此题只的是人，故不选C，而选A
The spy was supposed to ________ disguised as a woman in the supermarket .

A. escape B. escaped C. have escaped D. had escaped

答：C

解析：考察虚拟语气。be supposed to have done 固定搭配
The lady was made ________ on the floor waiting for ten minutes before .

A. to stand B. stand C. standing D. stood

答：A

解析：made是使役动词，本应该省略to，但是这里stand是被动，故不省，故选A
_____________ we made a plan for the future study .

A. Summarized our present work B. Summarizing our present work

C. Having summarized our present work D. Being summarized our present work

答：C
It is more difficult ___________ people who are naturally shy _____________ become effective public speakers .

A. to; to B. of; to C. for; to D. with; to

答：C
My boss liked my idea _________ a branch office in Los Angeles and gave me the green light to go ahead .

A. opening B. to open C. to have opened D. open

答：C

解析：opened 是在liked之前，故opened要用完成时，故选C
___________ my degree of Doctor for Sciences in June of 2000, I spent a year in the laboratory of Robert Burns at Harvard University .

A. Obtaining B. Being obtained C. Having obtained D. Obtained

答：C
_________________ , I went back to my dormitory unhappy in the evening .

A. With anything done B. With something doing

C. With nothing done D. With nothing having done

答：D
Rather than ____________ quietly by the fireside , he’d prefer to take a long walk in the country side on Sundays however cold it might be .

A. sit B. to sit C. sitting D. sat

答：A

解析：rather than 后面应接动词原形
He said he wished to ________________ in the army during the last three years .

A. serve B. be serving C. have been serving D. be served

答：C
John didn’t want to risk ______________ wet as he had only one suit .

A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be gotten

答：A

解析：get 是连系动词，没有被动形式，故不选C
_________________ faculty member at a university , one has to have a doctorate degree .

A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. One becoming

答：A

解析：B,C都是谓语，题中没有连词，故BC错。D中应该把One去掉，因为后面有one了，重复了。选A，动词不定时做目的状语
With Switzerland-based World Wildlife Tund , China is making a devoted effort ________________the endangered pandas .

A. saved B. saving C. save D. to save

答：D

解析：devoted … to
Managing is the process of getting things _____________ by and through others .

A. done B. do C. doing D. did

答：A

解析：have/get/want/make sth done , 过去分词作补语。
When ____________ a hill , the driver should build up speed early in order to cut down gasoline consumption .

A. approached B. to approach C. approach D. approaching

答：D

解析：主语是the driver , 把它提到When后面，可以看出和approache是主动关系，故选D。当前后两句的主语相同时，其中一句的主语必须要省略。
Many of the people __________ refused to answer any questions .

A. question B. questioned C. questioning D. were questioned

答：B

解析：这里本来是定语从句 the people who were questioned , 现在把who去掉了，用分词代替谓语。因为were questioned 是被动，所以用过去分词代替谓语，故选B。如果选D则需要在前面加上who。
The boy denied _____________ anything to do with that bank raid .

A. have B. to have C. having D. have had

答：C

解析：这里denied后面是宾语，在这里宾语应该是动名词，而不是不定式。故选C。
He asked a second time , but I couldn’t remember ___________ any of these works .

A. read B. to read C. to have read D. having read

答：D
The teacher ________________ , they went on with their discussion .

A. leaving B. being left C. was leaving D. having left

答：D
Many companies in smaller cities are offering such great professional opportunities that some graduates have a hard time ____________ them down .

A. turning B. to turn C. turn D. turned

答：A

解析：have sometimes (in) doing sth
After a long walk , we finally found a shelter _______________ for the night .

A. to stay B. staying C. to stay in D. staying in

答：C

解析：stay是不及物动词，要加介词。选C，不定式做定语
I regret _______________ hard at school , or I would have passed the exam .

A. to have not worked B. having not worked

C. not to have worked D. not having worked

答：D
When the man with glasses came into the hotel , I noticed a __________________ look come over the manager’s face .

A. surprised B. surprising C. surprise D. surprisingly

答：A

解析：理论上B也可以选，但是这题最好选A。老板被吓到。
Prices of daily goods __________ through a computer can be lower than store prices .

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

答：B

解析：分析句子成分可知，填空出是定语从句，修饰goods，所以还原从句为 … goods that are bought through … , 省略that are，用分词代替谓语，又因为goods是被买，所以是被动，故选 B
In some parts of London, missing a bus means ______________________ for another hour .

A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting

答：A

解析：mean doing 意味着， mean to do 打算
When _______________ , the museum will be open to the publlic next year .

A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed

答：A

解析：还原从句 When the musem will be completed .省略the museum ,因为是被动，所以用过去分词代替谓语will be completed . 故选A
It is said in Australia there is more land than the goverment knows ________________ .

A. it what to do with B. what to do it with

C. what to do with it D. to do what it

答：C

解析：不定式的疑问代词结构，疑问代词要放在前面，故排除A和D。C中do是谓语，what是宾语，with it 是介词短语修饰do。B中的with后面没接宾语，故选C
Generally speaking , ______________ according to directions , the drug has no side effect .

A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

答：B
The manager , ______________ his factory’s products were poor in quality , decided to give his workers futher training .

A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known

答：A
The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ___________ whether he was going in the right direction .

A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see

答：C

解析：as if 后面用 to do ，因为是完成时，所以选C
________________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal to encouragement .

A. The president will attend B. The president to attend

C. The president attended D. The president’s attending

答：D

解析：动名词的复合结构
“Have you decided when _____________” ?

A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving

答：A
The next morning she found the man in bed , ________________ dead .

A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying

答：A
People couldn’t help ____________ the foolish emperor in the procession .

A. to laugh B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing

答：D
This sentence needs _________________ .

A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved

答：C
He had his leg ____________________ in the match yesterday .

A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking

答：B

解析：过去分词作宾补，have/get/want/make sth done
There was terrible noise _____________ the sudden burst of light .

A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed

答：B
The Olympic Games , ____________________ in 766 B. C , did not include women players until 1912 .

A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing

答：C
If you wave your book in front of your face , you can feel the air __________________ against your face .

A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move

答：B
Friendship is like money , easier made than _______________ .

A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept

答：A

解析：被保持。同时前面是made，than是并列关系，故不选B，而选A
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door __________________________ “Sorry to miss you , will call later”

A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading

答：D

解析：read , write , record , translate , sell , act 这些词是没有被动语态的，可以查阅被动语态资料，故选D
Most of the people _____________________ to the party were famous scientists .

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting

答：A

解析：还原定语从句为 who were invited .故选A。C错误，因为是过去被邀请，不是现在被邀请。
We’re looking forward _________________ the photo exhibition .

A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting

答：A

时态、语态、虚拟、倒装考点

时态考点

While — 现在进行式或者过去进行式
since, for, yet, already, long, so far (到目前为止), up to now(到目前为止)— 现在完成式，要注意since和for的区别。
by — 一般将来式或者将来完成式，优先将来完成式
usually, never, always, often 一般现在式
还要注意过去完成式，表示动作发生在过去的过去
if, when条件状语从句和时间状语从句遵循“主将从现”的原则。

时态表：

	一般	进行	完成
现在	一般现在		现在完成
过去		过去进行	过去完成
将来			将来完成
过去将来

Be的时态变化

	一般	完成
现在	is, am, are	have been
过去	was, were	had been
将来	will be	will have been
过去将来	would be	would have been

Do 的时态变化

	一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在	do , does	(is,are,am) doing	have done	have been doing
过去	did	(was,were) doing	had done	had been doing
将来	will do	will be doing	will have done	will have been doing
过去将来	would do	would be doing	would have done	would have been doing

Do的被动语态变化

	一般	完成
现在	(is,am,are) done	have been done
过去	(was,were) done	had been done
将来	will be done	will have been done
过去将来	would be done	would have been done

建议掌握连系动词：

存在类：appear, prove, remain, keep, stay, continue, stand

感官类：look, feel, smell, taste, seem, sound

变化类：become, come, turn, grow, go, run, get, fall

如：

The model remains undamage .

主语系动词表语
She looks beautiful .

主语系动词表语
Our moetherland becomes strong .

主语系动词表语
Be动词和连系动词无被动语态。
1. She is a teacher .
2. -Do you like the material ?
  
  -Yes, it feels very soft . It is fell very soft (错误)
3. She looks beautiful . She is looked beautiful .(错误)
4. Good medicine tastes bitter . 良药苦口。
建议掌握不及物动词。read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, burn , strike(罢工，撞击), last(最后的，持续，继续), 等这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即无被动语态。
1. The book sells well . 这书的销路很好。 The book is sold well (错)
2. My pen writes smoothly, 我的笔很好写。 Is written
3. The play reads more easily than acts . 这剧本易读不易演。
4. The meeting lasted two hours . 这场会议持续约2个小时。
5. His voice records well . 他的音录下来很好。
建议掌握反身动词。（及物动词+反身代词）做谓语时，其宾语反身代词。表示动作返回到执行者本身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。
1. He seats himself at the back of the classroom .他坐在教室的后面。
  
  He is seated at the back of the classroom . 他坐在教室的后面。
2. He lost himself in the forest .
  
  – He was lost in the forest .他在森林中迷了路。
3. He dressed himeself in a dark blue suit .
  
  – He was dressed in a dark blue suit . 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。
4. He was hidden behind the door . 他藏在门后。
  
  He hid himeself behind the door .
5. He was drunk yesterday 他昨天喝醉了
  
  – He drunk himself yesterday .
  
  注意：当没有反身代词充当宾语的时候，sit , lose , dress , drink 这几个词用被动表主动

虚拟语气考点

if 引导的虚拟语气变化规律：

	If从句	主句
与现在事实相反	动词的过去式 (be为were)	would(should) + 动词原形
与过去事实相反	动词的过去完成式	would(should,could,might) + have done
与将来事实相反	动词的过去式(be为were) 、were+不定式、should+动词原形	would(should,could,might)+动词原形

without, but for, suppose, otherwise, but that 引导的虚拟语气，变化规律同上，并且ABCD答案里面出现以上这些词，一般是正确答案。
advise, agree, argue, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move , order, propose, request, require, suggest, urge， ask表示命令，建议，请求，要求，愿望的词，宾语从句后用虚拟语气，谓语用should+动词原形，should可省略。
necessary,essential, advice, demand, desire, motion, order, proposal, requirement, suggestion 等命令，建议，请求，要求，愿望的词名词性从句后用虚拟语气，谓语用should+动词原形，should可省略。
在wish引导的宾语从句中，谓语用过去时，表示与现在相反；谓语用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反。
as if/as though 引导的状语从句中，谓语用过去时，表示与现在相反；谓语用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反；而且ABCD出现以上单词的一般为正确答案。
if only引导的状语从句中，谓语用过去时，表示与现在事实相反；谓语用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反。
would rather, would just , as soon, would sooner, would prefer引导的句子中，从句的谓语动词用过去时，而且ABCD出现以上单词的一般为正确答案。
It is (high) time that 后的从句中，谓语动词须用一般过去时。
lest, for fear that, in case引导的从句中，谓语动词的形式通常为should+动词原形，should可省略，意为“万一，唯恐”，而且ABCD出现以上单词的一般为正确答案。
虚拟语气的倒装，把if去掉，把were, had, should 提前。否定not不倒装。
must have done (对过去的猜测)，should have done (本来应该做而没有做)，would have done, be suppose to have done , ought to have done 一般为正确答案。

总结：有虚拟选虚拟，有倒装选倒装，有被动选被动，有having done选having done

倒装考点

only , so, often 等表频率的副词提前时，句子用部分倒装。Do, be , should

Only in this way can you solve this problem .

只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个entity。

Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake .

只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

注意：only倒装倒的是主句

So great was the destruction(摧毁) that the south took decades to recovery .
hardly, in no was, little, scarcely(勉强，几乎不), seldom(不常，很少，难得), never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sonner, not only … (but also), not until … 等具有否定意义的动词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装。

No sonner had I got home than it began to rain .

我刚到家就下起了雨。

Seldom do I go to work by bus .

我很少乘公共汽车上班。

Not until twelve o’clock did she go to bed last night .

她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。
away和down等位于句首时的倒装
地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词：
① Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。
② Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。
③ The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。
④Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。
注意
若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装：
①Away he went. 他跑远了。
② Down it came. 它掉了下来。
为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用"so+be动词（助动词，情态动词）+主语“或”neither/nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语“的倒装句式。

其中第一个句式表示“与前面所述的肯定情况相同”，第二个句式表示“与前面所述的否定情况相同”。
1. His brother is (not) a college student. So is mine . (Nor/Neither is mine .)
  
  他弟弟（不）是大学生，B：我弟弟也是。（我弟弟也不是。）either不倒装-> Mine is not either .
2. He used to have his further study abroad. B: So did I .(Neither did I .)
  
  他曾去国外深造过。B：我也去过。（我也没有。）
  
  A: One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B: so can his wife . (neither can his wife .)
  
  A: 我的一个朋友会说三外国语。 B：他的妻子也会。（他的妻子也不会。）
以副词here, there, own , up, out 开头的句子，也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。部分倒装是把be/do/should倒到主语前面, 完全倒装是把谓语倒到主语前面。

Here is the letter you have been looking forward to .

你盼望已久的信在这儿。

Up went the rocket into the air .

嗖的一声火箭就飞上天了。

Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him .

当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时，嘭的一下他就从三楼跳了下去。

There is a teacher in the room .
as 引导倒装

Child as /though he was , he knew what was the right thing to do .

= Though he was a small child , he knew what was the right thing to do .

注意：

a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。

Try hard as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily .

= Though he tries hard , he never seems .
虚拟语气倒装

虚拟语气的倒装，把if去掉，把were, had, should 提前。否定not不倒装。
1. __________ , I was pleased that I was finally learning to be more aggressive , to make my own choices .
  
  A. In the way B. To a certain extent
  
  C. In final analysis D. Under no circumstances
  
  答：B
  
  解析：on the way 在路上，in the way 妨碍，to a certain extent 在某种程度上。D选项中用了no,那么后面的就要用倒装，需改成 Was I pleased …，故D错。
2. ______________ 1983 did Jiaotong University begin to offer a degree in English .
  
  A. Not until B. not since C. Until D. In
  
  答：A
  
  解析：did提前了，所以用了倒装，故选A

就近一致原则

就近一致原则的词主要由如下：or … 或者, either … or … 要么 … 要么 … , neither … nor … 既不 … 也不 … , not only … but also … 不仅 … 而且 …

时态考点练习

It is suggested that a super-highway _____________ between Nanning and Hanoi to strengthen the close ties between China and Vietnam .

A. is built B. be built C. built D. will have been built

答：B

解析：suggest后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气， should + 动词原形，故应该为 a super-highway should build … , 又因为这里是被动故为 a super-highway should be built , 又因为should 可以省略，故为 a super-hihgway be built ，故选B。
If workers had been paid decent wages , profits _________________________ so great .

A… would be B. were not to be C. wouldn’t have been D. would have been

答：C
A doctor , along with a group of young nurses , ____________________ going to demonstrate the heart operation process .

A. is B. are C. will D. shall

答：A
Tom Smith wished that his parents __________________ in the stricken area when the earth-quake occurred .

A. were not B. are not C. have not been D. had not been

答： D
The proposal that business companies ________________ guided by professionals for their new scheme of developments was accepted without disagreement .

A. be B. are C.was D. were

答：A
The suggestion that colleges ______________________ administrated by professors was approved by the board .

A. is B. are C. be D. were

答：C
Neither of the employees nor the boss ____________________ satisfied with the profits .

A. were B. was C. be D. been

答：was

解析：就近一致原则
Rather than _________________________ quietly by the fireside , he’d prefer to take a long .

A. sit B. to sit C. sitting D. sat

答：A

解析: rather than do sth , had better do sth , would rather do
He said he wished to _________________ in the army during the last three years .

A. serve B. be serving C. have been serving D. be served

答：C
The computer , working very fast , ______________ data at the speed of light .

A. handles B. handling C. handled D. has handled

答：A
I bought a new house last year , but I _________________ my old house yet , so at the moment I have two houses .

A. didn’t sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. don’t sell

答：B
The chairman insists that there _________________ a meeting to be held within the shortest possible time .

A. is B. will be C. was D. be

答：D
The player asked he ____________ an opportunity to explain his case .

A. gives B. be given C. is given D. should give

答：B

解析：命令，建议，请求，要求，愿望后用虚拟语气，should + 动词原形，should可省略。这里又是被动，故选B。
As his advisor , I believe that Jack Smith is bound to accomplish much at your university _____________ he be admitted .

A. might B. whether C. had D. should

答：D

解析：考查倒装，倒装时，3个词提前 had/should/were 。注意句子中后面的be是原形，故选D，should be admitted , had been admitted .
I wish I ____________________ in the sun by a pool instead of sitting in this classroom .

A. have lain B. were lying C. lay D. lie

答：B
It is essential that all the reports to be published _____________ twice .

A. be checked B. would be checked C. were checeked D. will be checked

答：A
_________________ food was rocting in the warehouses , the pobr did not have enough to eat .

A. While B. Where C. Why D. Which

答：A
The researechers of project have to be very careful with every part if it ____________ .

A. is to be B. is C. will D. would be

答：A

解析：本题考察主将从现，故从AB中选，又因 to be 表达一种计划，当项目按照计划 … ，故选A。
Not until the mid-1950s- ____________ most antomakers begin offering seat belts as optional safety features .

A. did B. had C. do D. would

答：A

解析：考察倒装句。因为后面的动词begin用的是原形，故选A。
________________ for their support , he would have gone penniless .

A. If it is not B. If it is C. Were it D. Were it not

答：D
He looks sleepy . He must ___________ to bed very late night .

A. be gone B. be going C. go D. have gone

答：D
Mrs. White became a teacher in 1990 . She _____________ for twenty years by next summer .

A. will teach B. would have taught

C. has been teaching D. will have taught

答：D
It was the third time the villagers __________________ interviewed by the radio station .

A. have been B. had been C. were D. are

答：C
I arrived late , I ___________ the traffic to be so heavy this morning .

A. wasn’t expecting B. wouldn’t expect

C. haven’t expected D. hadn’t expected

答：D
There __________ in his room .

A. are too many furnitures B. is too much furniture

C. are too much furniture D. is too many furnitures

答：B

解析：考察单复数。furniture 是不可数名词，故选B。其他的常用不可数名词还有：corn (谷), wheat(小麦), furniture (家具), medicine (药物), hair , money , news , change (零钱)
In the fall the cattle ________________ from the high country back down to the farm .

A. is driven B. are driven C. drives D. drive

答：B

解析：考察单复数。其他的容易混淆的复数名词还有：people (人们), scissors (剪刀), goods (货物) , clothes (衣服), communications (通讯) , herd (兽群，牧群) , audience (听众,观众) , population (人口) , public (公众) , personnel (全体人员，职员)
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______________ “Sorry to miss you , will call later .”

A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading

答：D
John didn’t want to risk _________________ wet as he had only one suit .

A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be gotten

答：A

解析：get 是连系动词，没有被动，故选A
The man in the classroom __________ at the back of the classroom .

A. sit B. is seated C. is seated himself D. is sitting

答：B

解析：被动表主动,故选B 。C中如果把is去掉就是正确的，有himself就可以用主动。
The meat from the frige _________________ in the kitchen yesterday .

A. is cooking B. was cooking C. was cooked D. cook

答：B

解析：主语是物时，cook 没有被动语态
Only after liberation ___________ to be treated as human beings .

A. did they begin B. they had begun

C. they did begin D. had they begun

答：A

解析：没有过去的过去的迹象，故D错。描述的是一个事实，故选A。
No sooner _________________ asleep than she heard a knock at the door .

A. she had fallen B. had she fallen C. she had fell D. had she fell

答：B

解析：完成时+过去分词，而不是过去式。fell是fall的过去式，fallen是fell的过去分词，故选B
She did not see Smith . ______________________ .

A. Neither did I B. Nor didn’t I C. Neither I did D. So didn’t I

答：A
_________________________ readinng and speaking English every day , he would speak it well enough now .

A. Had he practiced B. Did he practice

C . Should he practice D. Were he to practice

答：B
Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother ? ---- I don’t know , _____________ .

A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care

C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also

答：B

解析：D中的also是用在肯定句的，如果要用否定句则可以将also改成either就是正确的。
Hardly ____________ down ______________ he stepped in .

A. has I sat ; than B. I had sat ; when

C. had I sat; then D. had I sat ; when

答：D
___________ hot is the sun that we cannot go out at present .

A. Very B. Too C. So D. Such

答：C
Up to now , the tickets ______________ out .

A. sell B. have sold C. have been sold D. will be sold

答：B
Many a successful store _______________ its rent cheerfully .

A. have paid B. has paid C. has been paid D. is paid

答：C

解析：many a 修饰主语，谓语用单数。many a ：许多
You can’t imagine ___________ when they received these nice Christmas presents .

A. how they were excited B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they D. they were how excited

答：B

解析：感叹句
Rather than ________________ quietly by the fireside , he’d prefer to take a long walk in the countryside on Sundays however cold it might be .

A. sit B. to sit C. sitting D. sat

答：A

作文讲解

问题解决式

A. 提出问题 — B.分词问题 — C. 解决问题

Today, ____(1)中心词 has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society, which is especially described among people involving it. And I(we,people) believe that _(2)观点 .

What I believe is based on the following reasons. To begin with , (3)原因一___ , what’s more(even more),__________________(5)原因三__________________ as is shown in the theme given above.

Therefore, I would like to take following step to (6)回应观点__. (for one thing) on one hand, (7)措施一________. (for other thing) on the other hand, _(8)措施二. I believe where there is hope there is brightness.
对立观点式

A. 有人认为X是好事，赞成X，为什么？— B. 有人认为X是坏事，反对X，为什么？— C. 我的看法。

There is no consensus of opinions among society about 中心词 . Some people are in favor of the idea that 观点(1). Not only do they point out the fact that 理由(1)___, but also argue that _理由(2).

However, other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点(2)____ . An example can give the details of this argument: 举例子. There is some truth in both argument.

As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea, which I think the advantages of 观点(3) overweight the disadvantages. My beiefes are based on the following reasons: ________________理由(1)____________________. In addition to the above-mentioned effects. In addition to the above-mentioned effects. It might bring about ____________________as well as ____________________.

05年学位英语作文：the importance of obtaining degree
学位为什么重要？2. 你打算如何取得学位？

Today (1)中心词degree has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society, which is especially descibed among people involving it. And I(we,people) believe that (2)观点there is nothing more important than degree.

What I believe is based on the following reassons. To begin with, (3)原因一 degree is a symbol of knowledge, which can entitle you to engage in the professional work. What’s more(even more), (4)原因二 it is connected with wealth, about 70% people get 90% wealth according to the sociologists’ survey. The most important factor is that(last but more importantly), ____________________(5)原因三 (it is degree that someone focus on and strggle for), as is shown in the theme given above.

Therefore, I would like to take following step to (6)回应观点 get degree. (for one thing) on one hand, (7)措施一 I will try my best to study English for the test for degree.____ (for other thing) on the other hand, (8)措施二 I will write good essays about my major as much as possible during my study in university. I believe where there is hope there is brightness.

  06年学位英语作文：the ideal work1. 什么是你心目中理想的工作？ 2. 你应该如何努力做这份工作？Today ____________________(1)中心词the ideal work____________________ has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society, which is especially descibed among people involving it. And I(we,people) believe that ____________________(2)观点being a teacher is my ideal work____________________.	What I believe is based on the following reassons. To begin with, ____________________(3)原因一 teacher is a symbol of knowledge, which can entitle you to engage in the professional work.____________________ What's more(even more), ____________________(4)原因二 it is connected with wealth, about 70% teachers get 90% wealth according to the sociologists' survey.____________________ The most important factor is that(last but more importantly), ____________________(5)原因三 (it is degree that someone focus on and strggle for), as is shown in the theme given above.	Therefore, I would like to take following step to ____________________(6)回应观点 be a teacher.____________________ (for one thing) on one hand, ____________________(7)措施一 I will try my best to study English for the test for teacher.________________________ (for other thing) on the other hand, ____________________(8)措施二 I will write good essays about my major as much as possible during my study in university.____________________ I believe where there is hope there is brightness.07年学位英语作文：the sport star or film star. which do you like better1. 有人喜欢体育明星，有人喜欢影视明星2. 你的看法和原因。09年学位英语作文：1.  有些父母给孩子选工作2. 有些孩子认为应该自己选工作3. 你的看法

         There is no consensus of opinionns among, society about __________________中心词 choosing job__________________. Some people are in favor of the idea that ________________________观点(1) parents help their kids tto choose job__________________. Not only do they point out the reason that ________________________理由(1) parents have ability to choose job for their kids, which is good for their development________________________, but also argue that ________________________理由(2)________________________.    However, other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that ________________________观点(2) parents should let their kid to choose job by themselves________________________. An example can give the details of this argument: ______________________________举例子______________________________. There is some truth in both argument.    As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea, which I think the advantages of ________________________choosing job by oneself 中心词(3) ________________________ overweight the disadvantages. My beliefes are based on the following reasons: ________________________理由(1) ________________________, In addition to the above-mentioned effects, it might bring about __________________knowledge________________________as well as ________________________wealth________________________.

  10年学位英语作文1. 有些家长认为孩子毕业后应该工作。2. 有些家长认为孩子毕业后应该继续读书。3. 你的观点。可以取代第一段的一些经典句子：1. Currently, ________________________中心词 has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory - nothing is more valuable than that. Some people hold the idea that ________________________中心思想________________________.目前，________________________已经是我们这个时代的主题，这阐释了一个理论 ----没有什么东西比起它更有价值，非常清楚，________________________2. Why ? you may wonder, should ________________________中心词 be our subject which nearly all people focus on nowaday. Because it is worthy of exploring, and some people hold an opinion that ____________中心思想__________________.为什么？你也许会很奇怪，怎么__________________变成了今天所有人都关注的目标呢？因为它指的探索，而且一些人一直持有这样一个观点________________________。3. Once upon a time, what you pay attention to was not comppletely deep. Now, according to a new study, a lot more should be added. However, __________________中心词 become such a trend that 中心思想________________________。以前，你所考虑的东西不够成熟。现在，根据最新的观点，还有很多东西需要增加。然而，已经变成了这样一种趋势______________________________。4. It's no great surprise that __________________中心词 has become more and more fashional theme, and attracted all of our attention to oversee how 中心思想________________________。5. We can read of things that happen this day in the world, where almost all of people seem to take.____________中心词__________________ as an positive(negative) example. But there are some opposite point in society where I consider that __________________中心思想________________________。我们可以理解这个世界上发生在今天的事情，当今世界，似乎所有的人都认为__________________是负面的一个例子。但是我的看法却恰恰相反，我认为________________________。6. Modern people try to understand __________________中心词__________________ by a way that will give them much behalf, and the more it is, the more highly it is regarded.     But, some don't agree what was stated above, ........    As for me, however, this was not the case at all. ________________________现代人总是以“向钱看”的观点去理解__________________，并且认为钱越多，其价值越高。然而，我认为这并不是事实。____________________________________。7. People are always talking about the negative effect of __________________中心词_________________. If there is one which I take leave to doubt , it is depend on people's attitude, not the nature of the fact........let us get down to fundamentals and agree that __________________中心思想________________________.人们总是谈论工作的负面性，如果它存在，至少我会怀疑，它取决于人们的态度，而非事实本身。于是我们就得出一个基本的结论______________________________。8. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that ________________________中心词 creates nothing more than dream. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples that __________________中心思想____________, one could deduce it from general principles.我总是惊愕不已。当我听人们说体育创造的只不过是梦想而已。即使一个人不能从事具体的事例来推论出 ________________________，也可以从常理中推断出结论。9. It is fairly clear that __________________中心词__________________ must have been a dream and because there is so much of it, which would seem to be important. Our seculations about it's nature have been going on again and again, and finally believe that __________________中心思想__________________。很清楚，睡眠必然是一种梦想，睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其似乎还是很重要。人们一次又一次对睡眠做种种猜测，最后我们相信______________________________。10. ________________________中心词________________________ is one of the keywords of our time. A man without it, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentleth-century opportunities. So, convinced of the importance of __________________中心词__________________， we favor that __________________中心思想________________________。教育是我们这个时代的关键词之一。我们许多人都相信，一个没有受过教育的人，是逆境牺牲品，被剥夺了20世纪的最优越的机会之一。所以，确信教育的重要性，我们支持________________________。11. Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manlfest, with the development of the trend, ________________________.为什么进步这个概念在现代世界显得如此突出？无疑是因为一种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围发生，而且变得越来越明显。随着时代的发展，________________________。

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学位英语考试复习

英文六大基本句型

一、主系表

二、主谓宾

三、主谓

四、主谓宾补

五、主谓宾宾

六、谓主状

定语、状语的位置与作用

英文六大基本句型的扩展

名词性从句

宾语从句

表语从句

主语从句

名词性从句练习

定语从句

定语从句练习

状语从句

长难句

阅读理解技巧

阅读技巧

阅读理解论说文的中心思想

阅读理解六大题型解题方法

各种从句考点

从句练习

非谓语动词考点

非谓语练习

时态、语态、虚拟、倒装考点

时态考点

虚拟语气考点

倒装考点

就近一致原则

时态考点练习

作文讲解

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