目录

1.类的继承

2. 类的多态性

1.类的继承

          C++类继承中总共可以通过三个方式来实现，包括：公有继承（public）、私有继承（private）、保护继承（protected） 等。继承可以使现有的代码具有可重用性和可扩展性。但是，在C++的编程规范中（如google的编程规范），不建议使用私有继承和保护继承，而是使用组合方式。
 

main.cpp

#include "mainwindow.h"
#include <QApplication>
using namespace std;class A{
public:int _a;
protected:int _b;
private:int _c;
};class pub_B:public A{
public:void Test(){_a = 10;_b = 10;
//        _c = 10; 无法访问}int pub_pub_b1;
protected:int pub_pro_b2;
private:int pub_pri_b3;
};class pro_B:protected A{
public:void Test(){_a = 10;_b = 10;
//        _c = 10; 无法访问}int pro_pub_b1;
protected:int pro_pro_b2;
private:int pro_pri_b3;
};class pri_B :private A {
public:void Test() {_a = 10;_b = 10;
//        _c = 10;不可访问}int pri_pub_b1;
protected:int pri_pro_b2;
private:int pri_pri_b3;
};class newPri_B:private A{
public:void Test(){_a = 10;_b = 10;
//      _c = 10; 无法访问}int pri_pub_b1;using A::_a;
protected:int pri_pro_b2;
private:int pri_pri_b3;
};void test()
{A a;a._a;//a._b;//a._c;pub_B s1;s1.pub_pub_b1;s1._a;//s1._b;//si._c;//s1.pub_pro_b2;不可访问//s1.pub_pri_b3;不可访问pro_B s2;s2.pro_pub_b1;//s2._a;s2._b;s2._c;//s2.pro_pro_b2;不可访问//s2.pro_pri_b3;不可访问pri_B s3;s3.pri_pub_b1;//s3._a;s3._b;s3._c;//s3.pri_pro_b2;不可访问//s3.pri_pri_b3;不可访问newPri_B s4;s4.pri_pub_b1;//s4.pri_pro_b2;s4._a;//s4._b;
}

友元继承类测试：

#include<istream>
using namespace std;
class A {
private:int _a;friend class C;
};
class B: public A {
private:int b;
};
class C {
public:void Test() {B b1;b1._a;//b1._b;}
};
class D :public C {
public:void Test() {A a1;//a1._a;B b2;//b2._a;//b2._b;}
};

        继承访问权限测试：B以private方式继承A，用using A::_a; 可以把A中的部分public成员提升为public。如果想让这些继承而来的数据成员作为public或者protected成员，可以用using重新声明。using声明语句中名字的访问权限由该using声明语句之前的访问说明符决定。

        友元类继承测试：设计类A含有私有变量a，在类A中友元给类C；设计类B继承A，添加私有变量b；在类C中测试访问类B的成员变量a, b;此时类C中访问不到类B的私有成员量b，但是访问得到成员量a。设计类D继承C，在D的成员函数中测试访问类A的成员变量a，类B的成员变量a, b。对于类D来说，A的成员变量a，类B的成员变量a, b均不可见。当类Y被说明为类X的友元时，类Y的所有成员函数都成为类X的友元函数，这就意味着作为友元类Y中的所有成员函数都可以访问类X中的所有成员（包括私有成员）。友元关系是单向的，不具有交换性。友元关系也不具有传递性。友元关系不能被继承，基类的友元类未必是子类的友元，某类型的友元的子类未必是该类型的友元。

2. 类的多态性

        main.cpp

#include<vector>
#include "graphics.h"
#include<iostream>
#include "CShape.h"
using namespace std;int main()
{//图形画布基础设置initgraph(640, 480);setbkcolor(WHITE);delay_ms(0);setcolor(BLACK);setfont(20, 0, "楷体");setbkmode(TRANSPARENT);//enter+左击-->新建矩形");//enter+右击-->新建三角形");//enter+滚轮中间-->新建组合图形//ctrl+左击-->复制图形");//ctrl+右击-->粘贴图形");vector<CShape*>shapes;vector<CShape*>shapestmp;shapes.push_back(new CTriangle(CPoint(320, 320), CPoint(250, 340), CPoint(340, 450)));//shapes.push_back(new CTriangle(CPoint(10, 10), CPoint(150, 10), CPoint(150, 150)));shapes.push_back(new CRect(CPoint(200, 200), CPoint(300, 300)));shapes.push_back(new Comgraphics(CRect(CPoint(250, 50))));//移动bool move_flag = false;bool copy_flag = false;bool redraw = true;int clickX, clickY;int copyX, copyY;int checkedid = -1;int copyid = -1;for (; is_run(); delay_fps(60)) {while (mousemsg()) {mouse_msg msg = getmouse();if (msg.is_move()) {if (checkedid != -1) {if (move_flag) {shapes[checkedid]->Move(msg.x - clickX, msg.y - clickY);}}clickX = msg.x;clickY = msg.y;redraw = true;}else if (msg.is_left()) {if (msg.is_down()) {clickX = msg.x;clickY = msg.y;CPoint pt = CPoint(clickX, clickY);int isIn = 0;for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {if (shapes[i]->ptIn(pt)) {isIn = 1;//如果鼠标在图形区域内就设置移动的flag为truemove_flag = true;checkedid = i;redraw = true;break;}}if (isIn == 0)checkedid = -1;}else {move_flag = false;}}}if (redraw) {redraw = false;cleardevice();for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {if (i == checkedid)shapes[i]->DrawColor();elseshapes[i]->Draw();}}while (kbmsg()) {key_msg msgk = getkey();if (msgk.key == key_enter && msgk.msg == key_msg_down) {mouse_msg msgm = getmouse();if (msgm.is_left()) {if (msgm.is_down()) {shapes.push_back(new CRect(CPoint(msgm.x, msgm.y)));redraw = true;}}if (msgm.is_right()) {if (msgm.is_down()) {shapes.push_back(new CTriangle(CPoint(msgm.x, msgm.y)));redraw = true;}}if (msgm.is_mid()) {CRect r1 = CRect(CPoint(msgm.x, msgm.y));if (msgm.is_down()) {shapes.push_back(new Comgraphics(r1));redraw = true;}}}if (msgk.key == key_control && msgk.msg == key_msg_down) {mouse_msg msgm = getmouse();if (msgm.is_left()) {if (msgm.is_down()) {copyX = msgm.x;copyY = msgm.y;CPoint pt = CPoint(copyX, copyY);for (int i = 0; i < shapes.size(); i++) {if (shapes[i]->ptIn(pt)) {copy_flag = true;copyid = i;break;}}}}if (msgm.is_right()) {if (msgm.is_down()) {if (copy_flag == true) {shapes.push_back(&(shapes[copyid]->Clone())->Move(msgm.x - copyX, msgm.y - copyY));redraw = true;}}}}}}closegraph();return 0;
}

        CShape.h

#ifndef CSHAPE_H
#define CSHAPE_H
#include<string>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;class CPoint;
class CRect;
class CShape
{
public:CShape();CShape(const CShape& shape);virtual ~CShape();virtual double GetArea() const;virtual bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;virtual bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;virtual void Draw() const;virtual void DrawColor();virtual CShape* Clone() const;virtual CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);protected:string m_sName;
};class CPoint :public CShape {
public:int m_nPosX;int m_nPosY;CPoint() {m_nPosX = 0;m_nPosY = 0;}CPoint(int nPosX, int nPosY);CPoint(const CPoint& pt);virtual ~CPoint();double GetArea() const;bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;void Draw() const;void DrawColor();CPoint* Clone() const;CPoint& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);
};
class CTriangle :virtual public CShape {
public:CTriangle() {}CTriangle(const CPoint& pt1, const CPoint& pt2, const CPoint& pt3);CTriangle(const CTriangle& rc);CTriangle(const CPoint& pt);virtual ~CTriangle();double GetArea() const;bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;void Draw() const;void DrawColor();CShape* Clone() const;CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);CPoint m_pts[3];
};class CRect :virtual public CShape {
public:CRect() {}CRect(CPoint pt1, CPoint pt2);CRect(const CRect& rc);CRect(CPoint pt1);virtual ~CRect();double GetArea() const;bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;void Draw() const;void DrawColor();CShape* Clone() const;CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);CPoint m_ptLT;CPoint m_ptBR;
};class Comgraphics :public CRect, public CTriangle {
public:Comgraphics(const CRect& pt1);Comgraphics(const Comgraphics& rc);Comgraphics(const CPoint pt1);virtual ~Comgraphics();double GetArea() const;bool ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const;bool InRect(const CRect& rc) const;void Draw() const;void DrawColor();CShape* Clone() const;CShape& Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY);CPoint m_pt1;CPoint m_pt2;};
#endif

        CShape.cpp

#include "CShape.h"
#include "graphics.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//CShape
CShape::CShape()
{
}
CShape::CShape(const CShape& shape) {m_sName = shape.m_sName;
}
CShape::~CShape()
{
}
double CShape::GetArea() const {return 0;
}
bool CShape::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {return false;
}
bool CShape::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {return false;
}
void CShape::Draw() const
{
}
void CShape::DrawColor()
{
}
CShape* CShape::Clone() const {return new CShape(*this);
}
CShape& CShape::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {return *this;
}//CPoint
CPoint::CPoint(int nPosX, int nPosY) {m_nPosX = nPosX;m_nPosY = nPosY;
}
CPoint::CPoint(const CPoint& pt) {m_nPosX = pt.m_nPosX;m_nPosY = pt.m_nPosY;
}
CPoint::~CPoint() {//cout << "CPoint::~CPoint()\n";
}
double CPoint::GetArea() const {return 0;
}
bool CPoint::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {return false;
}
bool CPoint::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {return rc.ptIn(*this);
}
void CPoint::Draw() const {circle(m_nPosX, m_nPosY, 2);
}
void CPoint::DrawColor()
{
}
CPoint* CPoint::Clone() const {return new CPoint(*this);
}
CPoint& CPoint::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {m_nPosX += nOffsetX;m_nPosY += nOffsetY;return *this;
}//CTriangle
CTriangle::CTriangle(const CTriangle& tri) {for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {m_pts[i] = tri.m_pts[i];}
}
CTriangle::~CTriangle() {//cout << "CTriangle::~CTriangle()\n";
}
CTriangle::CTriangle(const CPoint& pt1, const CPoint& pt2, const CPoint& pt3) {m_pts[0] = pt1;m_pts[1] = pt2;m_pts[2] = pt3;
}
CTriangle::CTriangle(const CPoint& pt)
{CPoint* pt1 = new CPoint(pt.m_nPosX + 100, pt.m_nPosY + 90);CPoint* pt2 = new CPoint(pt.m_nPosX, pt.m_nPosY + 90);m_pts[0] = pt;m_pts[1] = *pt1;m_pts[2] = *pt2;
}CShape& CTriangle::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {m_pts[i].Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);}return *this;
}
double CTriangle::GetArea() const {int x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3;x1 = m_pts[0].m_nPosX;y1 = m_pts[0].m_nPosY;x2 = m_pts[1].m_nPosX;y2 = m_pts[1].m_nPosY;x3 = m_pts[2].m_nPosX;y3 = m_pts[2].m_nPosY;double bottomLine = sqrt(pow(x1 - x2, 2) + pow(y1 - y2, 2));double verticalLine1 = abs((y1 - y2) * x3 - (x1 - x2) * y3 + (x1 - x2) * y2 - (y1 - y2) * x2);double verticalLine2 = sqrt(pow(y1 - y2, 2) + pow(x1 - x2, 2));double verticalLine = verticalLine1 / verticalLine2;return (verticalLine * bottomLine) / 2.0;
}
bool CTriangle::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {CTriangle c1 = CTriangle(m_pts[0], m_pts[1], pt);CTriangle c2 = CTriangle(m_pts[1], m_pts[2], pt);CTriangle c3 = CTriangle(m_pts[2], m_pts[0], pt);double totalArea = c1.GetArea() + c2.GetArea() + c3.GetArea();if (totalArea == this->GetArea())return true;elsereturn false;
}
bool CTriangle::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {return rc.ptIn(m_pts[0]) && rc.ptIn(m_pts[1]) && rc.ptIn(m_pts[2]);
}
void CTriangle::Draw() const {int poly[8] = { m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY,m_pts[1].m_nPosX,m_pts[1].m_nPosY,m_pts[2].m_nPosX,m_pts[2].m_nPosY, m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY };setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF));fillpoly(4, poly);
}
void CTriangle::DrawColor() {int poly[8] = { m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY,m_pts[1].m_nPosX,m_pts[1].m_nPosY,m_pts[2].m_nPosX,m_pts[2].m_nPosY, m_pts[0].m_nPosX ,m_pts[0].m_nPosY };setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xA5, 0x00));fillpoly(4, poly);
}
CShape* CTriangle::Clone() const {return new CTriangle(*this);
}//CRect
CRect::CRect(CPoint pt1, CPoint pt2) {m_ptLT = CPoint(min(pt1.m_nPosX, pt2.m_nPosX), min(pt1.m_nPosY, pt2.m_nPosY));m_ptBR = CPoint(max(pt1.m_nPosX, pt2.m_nPosX), max(pt1.m_nPosY, pt2.m_nPosY));
}
CRect::CRect(const CRect& rc) {m_ptLT = rc.m_ptLT;m_ptBR = rc.m_ptBR;
}
CRect::CRect(CPoint pt1)
{m_ptLT = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX, pt1.m_nPosY);m_ptBR = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX + 100, pt1.m_nPosY + 100);
}
CRect::~CRect() {// cout << "CRect::CRect()\n";
}
double CRect::GetArea() const {return (m_ptBR.m_nPosX - m_ptLT.m_nPosX) * (m_ptBR.m_nPosY - m_ptLT.m_nPosY);
}
bool CRect::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {return (pt.m_nPosX >= m_ptLT.m_nPosX && pt.m_nPosX <= m_ptBR.m_nPosX) &&(pt.m_nPosY >= m_ptLT.m_nPosY && pt.m_nPosY <= m_ptBR.m_nPosY);
}
bool CRect::InRect(const CRect& rc) const {return rc.ptIn(m_ptLT) && rc.ptIn(m_ptBR);
}
void CRect::Draw() const {// 存储n个顶点的x,y坐标int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同//drawpoly(5, pts);setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF));fillpoly(5, pts);
}
void CRect::DrawColor() {int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同setfillcolor(EGERGB(0xFF, 0xA5, 0x00));fillpoly(5, pts);
}
CShape* CRect::Clone() const {return new CRect(*this);
}
CShape& CRect::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {m_ptLT.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);m_ptBR.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);return *this;}
//Comgraphics
Comgraphics::Comgraphics(const CRect&pt1){m_pt1.m_nPosX = pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosX;m_pt1.m_nPosY = pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosY + (pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosY - pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosY) / 2;m_pt2.m_nPosX = pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosX + (pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosX - pt1.m_ptLT.m_nPosX) / 2;m_pt2.m_nPosY = pt1.m_ptBR.m_nPosY;m_ptLT = pt1.m_ptLT;m_ptBR = pt1.m_ptBR;}
Comgraphics::Comgraphics(const Comgraphics& rc){m_pt1 = rc.m_pt1;m_pt2 = rc.m_pt2;m_ptBR = rc.m_ptBR;m_ptLT = rc.m_ptLT;
}
Comgraphics::Comgraphics(const CPoint pt1){m_ptLT = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX, pt1.m_nPosY);m_ptBR = CPoint(pt1.m_nPosX + 60, pt1.m_nPosY + 80);
}
Comgraphics::~Comgraphics(){cout << "Comgraphics::~Comgraphics()" << endl;}
double Comgraphics::GetArea()  const{return 0.0;
}
bool Comgraphics::ptIn(const CPoint& pt) const {return (pt.m_nPosX >= m_ptLT.m_nPosX && pt.m_nPosX <= m_ptBR.m_nPosX) &&(pt.m_nPosY >= m_ptLT.m_nPosY && pt.m_nPosY <= m_ptBR.m_nPosY);
}
bool Comgraphics::InRect(const CRect& rc) const const {return rc.ptIn(m_ptLT) && rc.ptIn(m_ptBR);
}
void Comgraphics::Draw() const {// 存储n个顶点的x,y坐标int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同//drawpoly(5, pts);setfillcolor(GREEN);fillpoly(5, pts);line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);line(m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY);
}
void Comgraphics::DrawColor() {// 存储n个顶点的x,y坐标int pts[10] = { m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY,m_ptBR.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptBR.m_nPosY,m_ptLT.m_nPosX,m_ptLT.m_nPosY };// 绘制n个顶点的多边形，第一个参数必须要传入n+1，pts最后一个顶点坐标和第一个相同setfillcolor(YELLOW);fillpoly(5, pts);line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);line(m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY, m_pt2.m_nPosX, m_pt2.m_nPosY);line(m_pt1.m_nPosX, m_pt1.m_nPosY, m_ptLT.m_nPosX, m_ptLT.m_nPosY);
}
CShape* Comgraphics::Clone() const {return new Comgraphics(*(this));
}CShape& Comgraphics::Move(int nOffsetX, int nOffsetY) {m_ptLT.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);m_ptBR.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);m_pt1.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);m_pt2.Move(nOffsetX, nOffsetY);return *this;
}

        运行结果：

        总结：多态按字面的意思就是多种形态。当类之间存在层次结构，并且类之间是通过继承关联时，就会用到多态。多态意味着调用成员函数时，会根据调用函数的对象的类型来执行不同的函数。虚函数是在基类中使用关键字 virtual 声明的函数。在派生类中重新定义基类中定义的虚函数时，会告诉编译器不要静态链接到该函数。我们想要的是在程序中任意点可以根据所调用的对象类型来选择调用的函数，这种操作被称为动态链接，或后期绑定。