Python 偏函数用法全方位解析
Python的functools模块中有一种函数叫“偏函数”，自从接触它以来，发现确实是一个很有用且简单的函数，相信你看完这篇文章，你也有相见恨晚的感觉。
我们都知道，函数入参可以设置默认值来简化函数调用，而偏函数的作用就是将入参进行默认填充，降低函数使用的难度。
如int()函数，可以将字符型转换为整型，且默认的都是以十进制形式来转换，那为什么一定是十进制呢？如果想用以二进制的形式转换呢？其实我们可以看一下int函数它本身的定义偏函数，一个让你相见恨晚的实用函数
可以看到int有两种用法，可以传一个位置参数，还可以多传一个关键字参数base，也就是基于什么格式转换，默认不传base参数是以十进制转换。所以，用二进制形式转换的话只要base=2即可（见下方代码）
1 value = int(‘10000’)
2 print(value) # 10000
3
4 value = int(‘10000’, base=2)
5 print(value) # 16
如果每次转换的字符串的时候都要输入base参数，显得很麻烦，因此偏函数的作用就体现出来了，可以使用functools.partial()函数来重新定义
1 from functools import partial
2
3 int2 = partial(int, base=2)
4 res = int2(‘10000’)
5 print(res) # 16
到这里，你应该已经感觉到了偏函数的一点点魅力吧，那我们再从多个角度进一步看透它。
自定义函数的使用
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1 def add(a, b, c):
2 print(‘a=’,a,‘b=’,b,‘c=’,c)
3 return a + b + c
4
5 add10 = partial(add, 10)
6 res = add10(1, 2) # a= 10 b= 1 c= 2
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如上代码中，partial(add, 10)入参并没有指定哪个关键字参数，函数却默认的将这个值传给了第一个参数a，那就说明，当没有指定默认参数时，默认赋值给第一个参数，余下参数按位置参数赋值。
当入参为可变参数时
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1 def sum(*args):
2 s = 0
3 for n in args:
4 s += n
5 return s
6
7 sum10 = partial(sum, 10)
8 print(sum10(1)) # 11
9 print(sum10()) # 10
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按上述理解，没有指定默认参数时，默认赋给第一个参数，那么第一个参数永远是10，后面再传入参的话就从第二个参数开始计算，因此会实现10 + 1 = 11 的结果。同样，如果不继续传参的话，只有默认的10，所以结果就是10
当入参为可变关键字参数时
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1 D = {‘value1’:10, ‘value2’:20}
2 V = {‘Default’:100}
3 def show(**kw):
4 for k in kw:
5 print(k, kw.get(k))
6
7 showDef = partial(show, **V)
8 showDef(**D)
9 # Default 100
10 # value1 10
11 # value2 20
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同理，此时入参由于是可变参数，因此默认是第一个传入，先打印Default关键字，这里关注一下函数的写法，可变关键字参数要写成（**V）
当入参为限制的关键字参数时
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1 def student(name, * , age, city):
2 print(‘name:’,name, ‘age:’,age, ‘city:’,city)
3
4 studentAge = partial(student, age=20)
5 studentAge(‘Tom’,‘Beijing’)
6 # TypeError: student() takes 1 positional argument but 2 positional arguments (and 1 keyword-only argument) were given
复制代码
我们知道，当用*号分隔开，表示后面的关键字参数是必传的，因此对于默认参数也是同样适用，即当参数为必传时，偏函数也需要对每个关键字参数设置默认值。因此修改后为
1 studentAge = partial(student, age=20, city=‘Beijing’)
2 studentAge(‘Tom’) # name: Tom age: 20 city: Beijing
综上，偏函数可以将目标函数的部分参数固化后，重新定义为新的函数，降低了编码的复杂度，尤其是当参数很多的时候，或者只用到其中某些参数的场景下时，效果更为显著。
到这里，你是否有了相见恨晚的感觉呢？简单函数小技巧，非常实用的偏函数用法就介绍完了，如果觉得有用，请关注我，后续会继续分享更多好用好知识。
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2022/11/19 21:17:00 - 正在准备配置请勿关闭计算机,正在准备配置windows请勿关闭计算机时间长了解决教程...
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2022/11/19 21:16:59 - 配置失败还原请勿关闭计算机,配置Windows Update失败，还原更改请勿关闭计算机...
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Apple’s “Do Not Disturb While Driving” is a potentially lifesaving iPhone feature, but it doesn’t always turn on automatically at the appropriate time. For example, you might be a passenger in a moving car, but your iPhone may think you’re the one dri…...
2022/11/19 21:16:57