MySQL精讲系列文章(更新完毕)
《MySQL入门必看知识》
《MySQL精讲(一) | DQL数据查询语句全解析》
《MySQL精讲(二) | DML数据操作语句全解析》
《MySQL精讲(三) | DDL数据定义语句全解析 |数据类型和约束》
《MySQL精讲(四) | TCL事务控制语句全解析|视图》
《MySQL精讲(五) | 存储过程和函数》
《MySQL精讲(六) | 流程控制》
                                                                                               – by 凡尘阿凉

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样本数据准备

进行DQL查询语句实验前，首先准备对应的数据，作为样本以供查询使用：

样本表链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Qp81tD4htQaK5bO0k1sxQQ
提取码：0v6l

使用SQLyog中导入该SQL脚本，可以看到准备好的样本表：

该样本是某跨国企业员工管理的4张表，下图对每张表的各个字段做了介绍：

一、基础查询

语法：select 查询列表 from 表名;

特点：
查询列表可以是:表中的字段、常量值、表达式、函数。
查询的结果是一个虚拟的表格。

执行顺序：from > select (先找到表，再开始查询)

注意:`是着重号，当某张表中的字段与关键字冲突时，可以在该字段两边加上着重号，以标明其是一个字段，而不是关键字(如`name`)。

【基础查询】# 选中样本库
USER myemployees;# 1.查询表中的单个字段
SELECT last_name FROM employees;# 2.查询表中的多个字段
SELECT last_name,salary,email FROM employees;# 3.查询表中所有的字段
SELECT * FROM employees;# 4. 查询常量值
SELECT 'Tom';# 5.查询表达式
SELECT 7%6;# 6. 查询函数
SELECT VERSION();# 7.起别名(mysql中建议将起别名使用双引号引起来"别名")
/*
优点:便于理解;连接查询时,如果要查询的字段有重名情况,可以使用起别名来区分
*/
# 方式一,使用as
SELECT 7%6 AS 结果;
SELECT last_name AS 姓,first_name AS 名 FROM employees;
# 方式二,使用空格
SELECT 7%6 结果;
SELECT last_name 姓,first_name 名 FROM employees;
# 查询员工号为176的员工的姓名、部门、nianxin
SELECT last_name,department_id,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS 年薪 FROM employees; # 8.去重
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;# 9.+号的作用
/*
select 13+21; 两个操作数都是数值型,自动做加法运算
其中一个为字符型,则将字符型转换为数值型select '13'+1; 	   转换成功,做加法运算select 'hello'+1;  转换失败,将字符型转换为0
select null+10; 只要其中一方为null,结果就为null补充ifnull函数:SELECT IFNULL(commission_pct,0) AS 奖金率,commission_pct FROM employees;
mysql中用来拼接的不是+号,而是concat函数
*/
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,first_name) AS "姓名" FROM employees;

基础查询总结	说明
1.查询表中的单个字段	select 字段1 from 表;
2.查询表中的多个字段	select 字段1,字段2,...字段n from 表;
3.查询表中的所有字段	select * from 表;
4.查询常量值	select '常量值;'
5.查询表达式	select 数值1 表达式 数值2;
6.查询函数	select f();
7.起别名	as
8.去重	distinct
9.拼接使用concat函数,而不是"+"	concat(last_name,first_name)

学完了基础查询，尝试完成下面的练习题

答案：
1.正确
2.正确
3.应在英文状态下使用引号
4.DESC departments;；SELECT * FROM departments;
5.SELECT CONCAT(first_name,',',last_name,',',IFNULL(email,0)) AS "out_put" FROM employees;

二、条件查询

语法：select 查询列表 from 表名 where 筛选条件;

执行顺序：from > where > select (先定位到表,然后开始筛选,最后走查询)

分类:

(1)按条件运算符筛选

条件运算符有： >  <    =   >=   <=   !=(或<>)

(2)按逻辑表达式筛选

支持&& || !,但推荐使用and or not 
逻辑表达式作用：用于连接条件表达式
&&或and: 两个都为true,结果为true,反之为false
||或or : 只要有一个条件为true,结果即为true,反之为false
!或not : 取反

(3)模糊查询

模糊查关键字：like、between and、in、is null
(1)like关键字可以判断字符型或数值型like一般和通配符搭配使用,通配符有%:代表任意多个字符,包含0个_:代表任意单个字符
(2)between...and关键字可以提高语句简洁度包含临界值两个临界值不能调换顺序
(3)in关键字可以提高语句简洁度in列表的值类型必须一致
(4)is null取反是 is not null  

【条件查询】(1)按条件运算符筛选# 1.查询工资>12000的员工
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 12000 ;# 2.查询部门编号不等于90的员工名和部门编号
SELECT department_name, department_id FROM departments WHERE department_id<>90;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2)按逻辑表达式筛选# 1.查询工资在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金率
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE salary>=10000 AND salary<=20000;# 2.查询部门编号不是在90到110之间的,或工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE NOT(department_id>=90 AND department_id<=110) OR salary>15000;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3)模糊查询# (1)like关键字# 1.查询员工名中包含字符a的员工的信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';
# 2.查询员工名中第三个字符为n,第五个字符为l的员工名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '__n_l%';
# 3.查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名(转义)
SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$';# (2)between...and关键字# 1.查询员工编号在100到120的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id BETWEEN 100 AND 120;# (3)in关键字
# 1.查询员工的工种编号是IT_PROG、AD_VP、AD_PRES中的员工名和工种编号
SELECT last_name,job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id IN('IT_PROG','AD_VP','AD_PRES');# (4)is null
# 1.查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT last_name,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;# is null仅仅可以用来判断null值;安全等于<=>既可以用来判断null值,又可以用来判断普通值
# is null的可读性高于<=>,建议使用is null
SELECT last_name,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL;

条件查询总结	说明
(1)按条件运算符筛选	> < = >= <= !=(或<>)
(2)按逻辑表达式筛选	&& || !或and or not
(3)模糊查询	关键字:like、between...and、in、is null

学完了条件查询，尝试完成下面的练习题
答案：
一、SELECT salary,last_name FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL AND salary < 18000;
二、SELECT * FROM employees WHERE job_id <> 'IT' OR salary=12000;
三、DESC departments;
四、SELECT DISTINCT location_id FROM departments;
五、不一定,考虑字段有null的情况.

三、排序查询

语法：select 查询列表 from 表 where 筛选条件 order by 排序列表 asc|desc

特点：

• 1.asc代表升序，esc代表降序，不写默认是升序。
• 2.order by子句支持单个字段、多个字段、表达式、函数、别名

执行顺序：from > where > select > order by (order by一般放在查询语句的最后面，limit子句除外(后面会讲到))

【排序查询】
# 1.查询员工信息,要求工资从高到低排序
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;# 2.查询部门编号>=90的员工信息,按入职时间的先后进行排序【添加筛选条件】
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>=90 ORDER BY hiredate ASC;# 3.按照年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪【添加表达式排序】
SELECT * ,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS 年薪 FROM employees ORDER BY salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) DESC;
SELECT * ,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS 年薪 FROM employees ORDER BY 年薪 DESC; # ORDER BY后支持别名# 4.按照姓名的长度,显示员工的姓名和工资【按函数排序】
SELECT LENGTH(last_name) AS 字节长度, last_name,salary FROM employees ORDER BY 字节长度 DESC;# 5.查询员工信息,先按工资升序,再按员工编号降序
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary ASC ,employee_id DESC;

学完了排序查询，尝试完成下面的练习题
答案：
1、SELECT last_name,department_id,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS 年薪 FROM employees ORDER BY 年薪 DESC,last_name ASC;
2、SELECT last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 8000 AND 17000 ORDER BY salary DESC;
3、SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%e%' ORDER BY LENGTH(email) DESC,department_id ASC;

排序查询总结	说明
升序	order by asc
降序	order by desc

四、常见函数

调用语法：select 函数名(实参列表) from 表;

概念：类似于Java中的方法，将一组逻辑语句封装在方法体中，对外暴露接口。

好处：
1.隐藏了实现细节
2.提高代码重用性

分类：分为单行函数和分组函数。其中单行函数又分为：字符函数、数学函数、日期函数、系统函数、流程控制函数。；分组函数用来做统计功能，又称为统计函数、聚合函数、组函数。

单行函数	说明
(1)字符函数	参数类型为字符型
获取参数值的字节个数	select length('字符串')
拼接	concat(字段1,字段2)
大小写转换	upper、lower
截取	substr(index,end)
查找	instr(主串,子串)
清除两边空格	trim(a from'aaaa字符串1aa')
左右填充	lpad('字符串1',左填充个数n,填充字符'a')、lpad('字符串1',右填充个数n,填充字符'a')
替换	replace('字符串1','被更换的字符串','新的字符串')
(2)数学函数	参数类型为数值
四舍五入	round(小数,保留位数)
截取	truncate(小数,保留位数)
向上取整	ceil(被向上取整的数值)
向下取整	floor(被向下取整的数值)
取余	mod(n,m);结果的正负和被取余数n相同
随机数	rand();返回0-1之间的小数
(3)日期函数	参数为日期
返回当前完整日期	select now();
返回当前年月日	select curdate();
返回当前时分秒	select curtime();
截取指定部分	select YEAR(now()) as 年,MONTH(now()) as 月,DAY(now()) as 日;
字符串→日期	STR_TO_DATE('2020-7-7','%Y-%m-%d')
日期→字符串	DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y年%m月%d日')
返回两个日期相差的天数	datediff(日期1,日期2)
(4)系统函数	系统自带
查看当前版本	select version();
查看当前数据库	select database();
查看当前用户	select user();
自动加密	password('字符');或md5('字符');
(5)流程控制函数	类比Java
if	if(奖金 IS NULL,'没奖金','有奖金')

分组函数	说明
sum	求和
avg	平均值
max	最大值
min	最小值
count	计算个数

【单行函数】# (1)字符函数-[参数类型为字符型]# 1.length 获取参数值的字节个数
SELECT LENGTH('john');
SELECT LENGTH('张三丰');
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%char%' # 查看字符集# 2.concat拼接字符串
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,'_',first_name) 姓名 from employees;# 3.upper、lower 大小写转换
SELECT UPPER('tom');
SELECT LOWER('TOM')
# 将姓变大写,名变小写,然后拼接
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(last_name),LOWER(first_name))姓名 FROM employees;# 4.substr 拼接函数
# mysql中的索引从1开始
SELECT SUBSTR('若负平生意,何名作莫愁',7) AS out_put;
SELECT SUBSTR('若负平生意,何名作莫愁',1,3) AS out_put;
# 案例:姓名中首字符大写,其他字符小写,用_拼接并显示出来
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(SUBSTR(last_name,1,1)),'_',LOWER(SUBSTR(last_name,2))) oup_put FROM employees; # 5.instr 字符查找函数
# 返回子串在主串中的起始索引,没有返回零
SELECT INSTR('凡尘阿凉','阿凉') AS out_put;# 6.trim 清除空格函数
# 将字符两边的空格移除
SELECT LENGTH(TRIM('    凡尘    ')) AS out_put;
SELECT TRIM('a' FROM  'aaaaaa凡aaa尘aaaa') AS out_put;# 7.lpad 左填充函数
# 用指定的字符实现左填充指定长度
SELECT LPAD('凡尘',10,'*') AS out_put;# 8.rpad 右填充函数
# 用指定的字符实现右填充指定长度
SELECT RPAD('凡尘',10,'*') AS out_put;# 9.replace 替换函数
SELECT REPLACE('我的偶像是鲁迅','鲁迅','周冬雨') AS oup_put;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# (2)数学函数-[参数类型为数值]# 1.round 四舍五入函数
SELECT ROUND(1.65);
SELECT ROUND(1.567,2);# 2.ceil 向上取整函数
# 返回>=该参数的最小整数
SELECT CEIL(1.00);# 3.floor 向下取整函数
# 返回<=该参数的最大整数
SELECT FLOOR(-9.99);# 4.truncate 截取函数 
# 保留小数点后几位
SELECT TRUNCATE(1.65,1);# 5,mod 取余函数
# 结果的正负和被除数相同:a-a/b*b
SELECT MOD(10,-3);---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# (3)日期函数-[参数为日期]
# 1.now 返回当前完整日期
SELECT NOW();# 2.curdate 返回当前年月日
SELECT CURDATE();# 3.curtime 返回当前时分秒
SELECT CURTIME();# 4.获取指定的部分
SELECT YEAR(NOW()) AS 年;
SELECT YEAR('1998-12-12') AS 年;
SELECT YEAR(hiredate) 年 FROM employees;
SELECT MONTH(NOW()) 月 ;
SELECT MONTHNAME(NOW()) 月 ;# 5.str_to_date 将日期格式的字符转换为指定格式的日期
SELECT STR_TO_DATE('2020-7-7','%Y-%m-%d') AS out_put;
# 查询入职日期为1992-4-3的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = STR_TO_DATE('4-3 1992','%m-%d %Y');
# 6.date_format 将日期转换为字符
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y年%m月%d日');
# 查询有奖金的员工和入职日期(xx月/xx日 xx年)
SELECT last_name,DATE_FORMAT(hiredate,'%m月/%d日 %Y年') 入职日期 FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# (4)系统函数
# 1.查看当前版本
SELECT VERSION()
# 2.查看当前数据库
SELECT DATABASE();
# 3.查看当前用户
SELECT USER();---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# (5)流程控制函数
# 1.if函数
SELECT IF(10>5,'大于','小于');
SELECT last_name,commission_pct, IF(commission_pct IS NULL,'没奖金','有奖金') AS out_put FROM employees;# 2.case函数
/*
方式一：类似于Java中的switch-case：
案例:查询员工工资,要求
部门号=30,显示的工资为1.1倍
部门号=40,显示的工资为1.2倍
部门号=50,显示的工资为1.3倍
其他部门,显示的工资为原工资
*/
SELECT salary 原始工资,department_id,
CASE department_id
WHEN 30 THEN salary*1.1
WHEN 40 THEN salary*1.2
WHEN 50 THEN salary*1.3
ELSE salary
END AS 新工资
FROM employees;/*
方式二：类似于Java中的多重if:
案例:查询员工的工资情况
工资>20000,显示A级别
工资>15000,显示B级别
工资>10000,显示C级别
否则,显示D级别
*/
SELECT salary,
CASE
WHEN salary>20000 THEN 'A'
WHEN salary>15000 THEN 'B'
WHEN salary>10000 THEN 'C'
ELSE 'D'
END AS 工资级别
FROM employees;

【分组函数】
/*SUM 求和AVG 平均值MAX 最大值MIN 最小值COUNT 计算个数
*/
# 综合使用
SELECT SUM(salary) "和",AVG(salary) "平均数",MAX(salary) "最大值",MIN(salary) "最小值",COUNT(salary) "总个数" 
FROM employees;/*
分组函数的特点:1.sum、avg一般用于处理数值型；max、min、count可以处理任何类型2.分组函数都忽略null值,都可以和distinct搭配去重3.和分组函数一同查询的字段要求是group by后的字段4.count函数经常用来统计行数,使用count(*)或count(1)或count(常量)
效率问题:MYISAM存储引擎下,count(*)效率高INNODB存储引擎下,count(*)和count(1)效率差不多,但比count(字段)要高
*/

学完了单行函数，尝试完成下面的练习题
答案:
1、SELECT NOW();
2、SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary*1.2 "new salary" FROM employees;
3、SELECT LENGTH(last_name) "长度",SUBSTR(last_name,1) "首字符",last_name FROM employees ORDER BY 首字符;
4、SELECT CONCAT(last_name,' earns '),salary,' monthly but wants ',salary*3 AS "Dream Salary" FROM employees WHERE salary=24000;
5、
SELECT last_name,job_id AS job,
CASE job_id
WHEN ‘AD_PRES’ THEN ‘A’
WHEN ‘ST_MAN’ THEN ‘B’
WHEN ‘IT_PROG’ THEN ‘C’
WHEN ‘SA_PRE’ THEN ‘D’
WHEN ‘ST_CLERK’ THEN ‘E’
END AS “Grade”
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =“AD_PRES”;

学完了分组函数，尝试完成下面的练习题：

答案：
1.SELECT ROUND(MAX(salary),2) "最大值",ROUND(MIN(salary),2) "最小值",ROUND(AVG(salary),2) "平均值",ROUND(SUM(salary),2) "总和" FROM employees;
2.SELECT DATEDIFF(MAX(hiredate),MIN(hiredate)) "DIFFERNCE" FROM employees;
3.SELECT COUNT(*) AS "员工个数" FROM employees WHERE department_id=90;

五、分组查询

语法:
select 分组函数,查询列表(要求出现在group by的后面)
from 表
【where 筛选条件】
group by 分组的列表
【having 分组后的筛选】
【order by 子句】

执行顺序：from > where > group by > having > select > order by

分类	筛选源	位置	关键字
分组前筛选	原始表	group by	where
分组后筛选	分组后的结果集	group by	having

注意：
1.查询列表必须是分组函数和group by后出现的字段。
2.分组函数做条件一定放在having子句中。
3.能用分组前筛选的优先使用分组前筛选。
4.group by子句支持单个字段分组、多个字段分组(多个字段之间用逗号隔开，没有顺序要求)、表达式或函数。
5.可以添加排序(排序放在整个分组查询最后)
6.一般不在group by和having后使用别名。

# 1.查询每个工种的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary) "最高工资",job_id "工种" FROM employees GROUP BY job_id;# 2.查询每个位置上的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*) "部门个数",location_id "位置id" FROM departments GROUP BY location_id;# 3.查询邮箱中包含a字符的,每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary) "平均工资",department_id "部门id" FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%' GROUP BY department_id;# 4.查询每个领导手下的有奖金的员工的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary) "最高工资",manager_id "领导编号" FROM employees WHERE NOT ISNULL(commission_pct)  GROUP BY manager_id;# 5.查询哪个部门的员工个数>2
# 思路:查询每个部门的个数,再根据结果哪个部门的员工个数>2
SELECT COUNT(*),department_id FROM employees GROUP BY department_id HAVING COUNT(*)>2;# 6.查询每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>12000的工种编号和最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary) "最高工资",job_id "工种" FROM employees WHERE NOT ISNULL(commission_pct) GROUP BY job_id HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;# 7.查询领导编号>102的每个领导手下员工的最低工资>5000的领导编号是哪个,以及其最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary) "最低工资",manager_id "领导编号" FROM employees WHERE manager_id>102 GROUP BY manager_id HAVING MIN(salary)>5000;# 8.按员工姓名的长度分组,查询每一组的员工个数,筛选员工个数>5的有哪些
SELECT COUNT(*) "员工个数",LENGTH(last_name) "姓名长度" FROM employees GROUP BY LENGTH (last_name) HAVING COUNT(*)>5;# 9.查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary) "平均工资",department_id "部门",job_id "工种" FROM employees GROUP BY department_id,job_id; # 10.查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资,并按平均工资的高低显示
SELECT AVG(salary) "平均工资",department_id "部门",job_id "工种" FROM employees GROUP BY department_id,job_id ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC;  

学完了分组查询，尝试完成下面的练习题
答案：
1、SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary),AVG(salary),SUM(salary),job_id FROM employees GROUP BY job_id ORDER BY job_id ASC;
2、SELECT MAX(salary)-MIN(salary) "DIFFERENCE" FROM employees;
3、SELECT MIN(salary) ,manager_id FROM employees WHERE NOT ISNULL(manager_id) GROUP BY manager_id HAVING MIN(salary)>=6000;
4、SELECT department_id,COUNT(*),AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_name ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC;
5、SELECT COUNT(*) "个数",job_id FROM employees GROUP BY job_id;

六、连接查询

概念：查询的字段来自多个表。

分类：安装年代可以分为sql92和sq99，按照功能分为内连接(交集)、外连接(一个表中有,另一个表中没有)、交叉连接；其中sql92仅支持内连接，sql99除全外连接其他全都支持。

注意：
1.如果为表起了别名,则查询的字段就不能使用原来的表名去限定。
2.当涉及到多表查询时,为表起别名可以有效提高语句简洁度,方便区分多个重名的字段。

连接查询分为下面三类：
(1)内连接inner

• 等值连接
• 非等值连接
• 自连接

(2)外连接

• 左外连接left outer
• 右外连接right outer
• 全外连接full outer

(3)交叉连接cross

【sql92标准】
# 1.等值连接
# 查询女神名和对应的男朋友名
# SELECT NAME,boyName FROM boys,beauty WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id=boys.id;# 1.查询员工名和对应的部门名
SELECT last_name "员工名",department_name "部门名" FROM employees,departments 
WHERE employees.department_id=departments.department_id;# 2.查询员工名、工种号、工种名
SELECT last_name,e.job_id,job_title FROM employees e,jobs j WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`;# 3.查询有奖金的员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name,commission_pct FROM employees e,departments d 
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id` AND e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL;# 等值连接+筛选
# 4.查询城市中第二个字符为o的部门名和城市名
SELECT department_name "部门名",city "城市名" FROM departments d,locations l 
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id` AND city LIKE '_o%'; # 等值连接+分组
# 5.查询每个城市的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*) "部门个数",city "城市" FROM departments d,locations l 
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id` GROUP BY city;# 6.查询有奖金的每个部门的部门名、部门的领导编号、该部门最低工资
SELECT department_name,d.manager_id,MIN(salary) FROM departments d,employees e 
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id` AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL GROUP BY department_name,d.manager_id;# 7.查询每个工种的工种名、员工的个数并按员工的个数降序
SELECT job_title,COUNT(*) FROM employees e,jobs j WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id` 
GOUP BY job_title ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;# 8.支持三表连接
# 查询员工名、部门名、所在的城市
SELECT last_name,department_name,city FROM employees e,departments d,locations l 
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id` AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`;# (2)非等值连接/*
先执行下面的语句,在myemployees数据库中创建新的job_grades表。CREATE TABLE job_grades
(grade_level VARCHAR(3),lowest_sal  INT,highest_sal INT);INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('A', 1000, 2999);INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('B', 3000, 5999);INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('C', 6000, 9999);INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('D', 10000, 14999);INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('E', 15000, 24999);INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('F', 25000, 40000);
*/
# 1.查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level FROM employees e,job_grades j WHERE salary BETWEEN j.`lowest_sal` AND j.`highest_sal`;# (3)自连接
# 1.查询员工名和其上级的名称.
SELECT e.employee_id "员工id",e.last_name "员工姓名",m.employee_id "经理id",m.last_name "经理姓名" 
FROM employees e,employees m WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;

学完了sql92标准的连接查询，尝试完成下面的练习题
答案：
1、
SELECT last_name,d.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id;
2、
SELECT e.job_id,d.location_id FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id
AND e.department_id=90;
3、
SELECT last_name , department_name , l.location_id , city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id AND d.location_id=l.location_id AND e.commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
4、
SELECT last_name , job_id , d.department_id , department_name
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id AND d.location_id=l.location_id AND l.city=‘Toronto’;
5、
SELECT department_name,job_title,MIN(salary)
FROM departments d,employees e,jobs j
WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id AND e.job_id = j.job_id
GROUP BY job_title,department_name;
6、
SELECT COUNT(),country_id FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.location_id=l.location_id
GROUP BY country_id
HAVING COUNT()>2;
7、
SELECT e1.last_name “employees”,e1.employee_id “Emp#”,e2.last_name “manager”,e2.employee_id “Mgr#”
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id=e2.employee_id AND e1.last_name=‘kochhar’;

【sql99标准】
# (1)等值连接
# 1.查询员工名,部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name 
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id=d.department_id;# 2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选)
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.job_id=j.job_id
WHERE last_name LIKE '%e%' OR job_title LIKE '%e%';# 3.查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数(分组+筛选)
SELECT city,COUNT(*) "部门个数"
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id=l.location_id
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;# 4.查询哪个部门的部门员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(排序)
SELECT department_name "部门名",COUNT(*) "员工个数"
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;# 5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名、并按部门名排序
SELECT last_name "员工名",department_name "部门名",job_title "工种名"
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON d.department_id=e.department_id
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.job_id=j.job_id
ORDER BY department_name ;# (2)非等值连接
# 查询员工工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades j ON e.`salary` BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;# 查询每个工资级别的个数>20的个数,并且按照工资级别降序排列
SELECT COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades j ON e.`salary` BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;# (3)自连接
# 查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e1.last_name "员工名",e2.last_name "上级名"
FROM employees e1
JOIN employees e2 ON e1.manager_id=e2.employee_id;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------# 二、外连接
# 1.查询男朋友不在男神表的女神名
# 左外连接
SELECT NAME 
FROM beauty LEFT OUTER JOIN boys ON beauty.boyfriend_id=boys.id
WHERE boys.id IS NULL;
# 右外连接
SELECT NAME
FROM boys RIGHT OUTER JOIN beauty ON beauty.boyfriend_id=boys.id
WHERE boys.id IS NULL;# 2.查询没有员工的部门
SELECT d.department_name,e.employee_id
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.manager_id IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id=100;# 3.全外连接(不支持)
# 全外连接就是就并集
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
FULL JOIN boys bo
ON b.boyfriend_id=bo.id;# 三.交叉连接
# 使用99标准实现的笛卡尔乘积,使用cross代替了92中的,
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
CROSS JOIN boys bo

学完了sql99标准的连接查询，尝试完成下面的练习题
答案：
一、
SELECT b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty b LEFT JOIN boys bo
ON b.boyfriend_id=bo.id
WHERE b.id>3;
二、
SELECT city “城市”,department_name “城市名”
FROM departments d RIGHT JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id=l.location_id
WHERE d.department_id IS NULL;
三、
SELECT d.department_name,e.*
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE d.department_name IN (‘SAL’,‘IT’);

七、子查询

含义：出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询；外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询。

按子查询出现的位置分类：

• select后面 (仅支持标量子查询)
• from后面 (支持表子查询)
• where或having后面 (支持标量、行、列子查询)☆☆☆
• exists后面 (又叫相关子查询，支持表子查询)

按结果集的行列数分类：

• 标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
• 列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
• 行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
• 表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)

【where和having后的子查询】(支持标量、行、列子查询)# 1.单个标量子查询
# 查询工资比Abel工资高的员工名
SELECT last_name,salary 
FROM employees 
WHERE salary>(SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name='Abel');# 2。多个标量子查询
# 返回job_id与141号相同,salary比143号员工多的员工的姓名、job_id、工资。
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary 
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(SELECT job_id FROM employees WHERE employee_id=141) AND salary>(SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id=143
);# 3。标量子查询+分组函数
# 返回工资最少的员工的last_name、job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary 
FROM employees 
WHERE salary=(SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees);# 4。标量子查询+having子句
# 查询最低工资 >50号部门最低工资的 部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary) 
FROM employees GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(SELECT MIN(salary) 
FROM employees WHERE department_id=50);# 5.列子查询(多行子查询)
# 返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名.
SELECT last_name FROM employees 
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM departments WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);# 返回其它工种中比job_id为'IT_PROG'工种中任一工资低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id、以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(SELECT  DISTINCT salary FROM employees WHERE job_id='IT_PROG') AND job_id <>'IT_PROG';# 返回其它工种中比job_id为'IT_PROG'工种中所有工资低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id、以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(SELECT  DISTINCT salary FROM employees WHERE job_id='IT_PROG') AND job_id <>'IT_PROG';# 6.行子查询(一行多列或多列多行子查询)
# 查询出员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
# 方式一
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary) FROM employees);
# 方式二
SELECT * FROM employees 
WHERE employee_id=(SELECT MIN(employee_id) FROM employees)
AND salary=(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees)

【select后的子查询】：(仅支持标量子查询)# 1.查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees e WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id) "员工个数"
FROM departments d;# 2.查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (SELECT department_nameFROM departments dINNER JOIN employees eON d.department_id=e.department_idWHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;

【from后面的子查询】(支持表子查询)# 1.查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级,即将子查询后的结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
SELECT a.*,g.grade_level "工资等级"
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_idFROM employeesGROUP BY department_id
) a
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON a.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

【existts后面的子查询】(又叫相关子查询,可以用in代替)# exists结果只会是1或0 ：SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM employees);# 1.查询有员工名的部门名
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(SELECT * FROM employees e WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id);

学完了子查询，尝试完成下面的习题

答案：
1、思路:①查询Zlotkey的部门②查询部门号=①的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name=‘Zlotkey’
)
2、思路:①查询平均工资②查询工资比①高的员工的工号、姓名、工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);
3、思路:①查询各部门平均工资②查询各部门工资比①高的员工的员工号、姓名、工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,e.department_id
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees e
GROUP BY department_id
)a INNER JOIN employees e
ON a.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.salary>a.ag
4、思路:①查询姓名中包含字母u的员工的部门②查询部门号=①中任意一个的员工的工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id “员工号”,last_name “姓名”
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%u%’
);
5、思路:①查询location_id=1700的部门②查询在①部门中工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1700
);
6、思路:①查询姓名为K_ing的员工编号②查询manager_id=①的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name “员工姓名”,salary “工资”
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name=‘K_ing’
);
7、思路:①查询最高工资②查询工资=①的姓.名
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) “姓.名”
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);

如果觉得做得不过瘾，可以继续挑战下面的子查询经典案例:

答案：
1、思路:①查询最低工资②查询工资=①的last_name, salary
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees)
2、思路一:①查询各部门的平均工资;②查询①结果上的最低平均工资③查询哪个部门的平均工资=②;④查询部门信息
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
WHERE d.department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)=(
SELECT MIN(ag)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) a
)
);
思路二:①使用排序求出最低平均工资的部门编号②查询部门信息
SELECT * FROM departments
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) ASC
LIMIT 1
);
3、思路:①查询各部门平均工资;②查询最低平均工资的部门编号
SELECT d.* ,ag
FROM departments d
JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) ASC
LIMIT 1
) a
ON d.department_id=a.department_id;
4、思路:①查询job的平均工资最高的job_id;②查询job信息
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
);
5、思路:①查询公司平均工资;②查询每个部门的平均工资;最后筛选②中平均工资 > ①
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
6、思路:①查询有manager的员工编号;②查询编号在①中的详细信息
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id FROM employees);
7、思路:①查询各部门最高工资中最低的那个部门id;②查询①部门的最低工资啊
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary) ASC
LIMIT 1
);
8、思路:①查询平均工资最高的部门编号;②将employees和departments连接查询,筛选条件是①
SELECT last_name, d.department_id, email,salary
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON d.manager_id=e.employee_id
WHERE d.department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
)

八、分页查询

应用场景:当要显示的数据一页显示不全,需要分页提交sql请求。

语法:
select 查询列表
from 表
[join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by]
limit offset,size;

offset:从0开始的起始索引,若省略默认从第一条开始
size:要显示的条目个数

执行顺序:from > join > on > where > group by > having > select > order by > limit (limit语法和执行都在最后)

limit分页公式：

select * from 表 limit (page-1)*size,size;(要显示的页数为page,每页的条目数为size)

# 1.查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5;# 2.查询第11条到第25条
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15# 3.有奖金的员工信息,并且显示出工资较高的前10名
SELECT * 
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary
LIMIT 10;

九、联合查询

定义：将多条查询语句的结果合并成一个结果。

语法：查询语句1 union 查询语句2 unin ... 查询语句n

应用场景：当要查询的结果来自多个没有连接关系的表,但查询的信息一致时，最适合使用union。

注意事项：

• 要求多条查询语句的查询列数是一致的
• 要求多条查询语句查询的每一列的类型和顺序最好一致.
• union默认去重,如果使用union all可以关闭去重
• 大多数情况下，union的查询效率比or高。

# 1.查询部门编号>90或邮箱包含a的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>90 OR email LIKE '%a%';SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>90 
UNION  SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%';