15篇文章贯通4级词汇
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之一
A question of rights
一项权力问题
Unfortunately, a crime was about to committed but at that moment Lesley was unaware of the impending event, which would affect her life so drastically for the next two years.
一项犯罪就要得逞了。而不幸的是，就在那时，莱斯利对即将发生的事毫无察觉。这件事将彻底改变她此后两年的生活。
For the moment at least, her holiday at the cottage had been ideal. She had spent many idle hours relaxing on the deck: reading, eating a sandwich when she was hungry and in the evening watching the sky turn from brilliant orange to peach and finally to pale purple, eventually the light becoming dim. It was about this time that the mist would begin to rise from the cool water hiding in the dense forest that hugged the shoreline. Late evening dew glistened on every bush and soon the loons’ call would resound across the water. She decided to take one last dip in the lake. As the cool night air touched her arms, she gave a little shiver and decided it was time to move inside.
至少在那个时候，她在小别墅的假期还是很惬意的。她在平台上度过了很多闲适轻松的时光，读书、饿了吃块三明治；晚上，看着天空由鲜橙色变为桃红色，然后变为淡紫色，最后光线终于黯淡下来。就在这时，薄雾开始从隐藏在环绕岸边的密林里的冷水中升起；再晚些，灌木上的露珠开始闪烁，不久，潜水鸟的叫声就会在水面上回荡起来。她决定在湖里最后再泡一会儿。当她的手臂触到夜晚凉爽的空气时，不禁有些发抖，于是她决定该是回到屋里去的时候了。
This was to be her last evening alone as Jeff, her former mate, would be returning Zac to her early in the morning. As the case in many marriages these days, problems had arisen between Lesley and Jeff, but they did not extend to Zac. He was a good kid, just entering kindergarten. The couple had come to a mutual agreement, as dictated by the legal custody agreement. It stated that each parent would share Zac’s care every second weekend and this had been her weekend to be alone.
这是她在家中独处的最后一个晚上，因为她的前夫杰夫会在早上把扎克送回来。与当时许多婚姻情况一样，莱斯利和杰夫之间出现了许多问题，但并未影响到扎克。他是个好孩子，刚刚上幼儿园。他们达成了一个依法监护的协议，协议规定双亲每两个周末轮换照顾孩子，这是她独处的周末。
Jeff was an architect, with a high-profile reputation, who worked in downtown
杰夫是个建筑师，名声很大，在多伦多市区工作，是一家私人公司的合伙人，该公司主要为大学做咨询工作。莱斯利的公司已经接下了为新的科学综合大楼做广告的工作，以便为计划中的大楼筹集合作基金。她喜欢她的工作，并且心怀抱负：有一天她要管理这个部门。
After a whirlwind courtship and a fairytale wedding the couple had settled down to an urban lifestyle. However, after three years and one child the dreamlike marriage came smashing down. One disadvantage of being young and ambitious was that both of them needed to devote untold hours to their busy schedules. As a result of these late hours, Lesley became suspicious of Jeff’s after hours activities. She accused him of making her part of a love triangle. The whole miserable scene was to set the proceedings for an ugly divorce in motion.
在一段旋风般的热恋和一个童话式的婚礼之后，夫妻俩定居下来，过起了都市生活。然而，在过了三年并有了孩子之后，这段梦幻般的婚姻开始破裂了。年轻而又雄心勃勃的不利之处，就是两个人都要把数不清的时间花在忙不完的事业上。由于经常工作到很晚，莱斯利开始怀疑杰夫工作之余的活动，她指责他让她成了三角爱情的一部分。事情发展到最痛苦的场面就是提出不愉快的离婚诉讼。
Daydreaming about those earlier days would not help tonight. So with a shrug of her shoulders she tackled the advertising assignment she needed to complete. Tomorrow would be a busy day with Zac arriving home.
那些对最初美好时光的回忆，对今夜也无济于事。于是，她耸了耸肩，着手处理她必须完成的广告业务。明天扎克到家后将会非常忙碌。
The next day, as the morning wore on, Lesley became more and more agitated, and her mood became apprehensive, when Jeff did not appear. When noon hour arrived and he still had not appeared, she started making some phone calls. None of their mutual friends had either seen or talked with Jeff that day. Until today, Jeff had always been very punctual about returning the boy at the appointed time. Lesley felt a knot forming in her stomach as a crazy thought persisted at the back of her mind. She was absolutely sure something was wrong.
第二天，随着上午的时间慢慢逝去，莱斯利越来越感到不安。杰夫没有出现，她变得焦躁起来。到了中午，他还没出现，于是她开始打电话。他们共同的朋友都说那天没看见他，也没和他通过电话。以前，杰夫总是非常准时地将孩子送回来。一种不祥的想法在下意识地困扰着她，莱斯利感到恐惧。她绝对肯定是出事了。
Jeff sat with his head bowed. He was undecided what to do. The domestic arrangement with his former wife was proving to be awkward. He was frustrated at being able to see his son only on weekends and felt he was always making concessions to accommodate Lesley’s work schedule. Every meeting was turning into a competition for the boy’s affection. His one desire was to take Zac away for good. The enormous decision to undertake this plan appeared to be presenting it self. Today he would depart for a conference in
杰夫低头坐着，他不知该做些什么。和前妻商定的对家庭的安排看来是蠢笨的，只能在周末看看儿子令他沮丧极了。为了莱斯利的工作安排，他觉得一直在迁就。每次相见都变成一场争夺“孩子到底爱谁”的竞争。他有一个心愿就是把扎克永远带走，现在就应做出实施这个计划的重大决定了。今天，他要前往加利福尼亚参加一个会议，这显然是一个带走孩子，永远离开这个国家的绝好机会。他确信他能够把足够多的行李装上车，然后跨过边境，进入美国后就消失掉。如果被警察抓住，这种行为是可以构成犯罪的，可他不再多想了。
Meanwhile, for Lesley the nightmare continued to unfold as the reality of the situation deepened. After 48 hours, the spokesman for the district police department assured her they would investigate Zac’s disappearance. Her faith that justice would be realized was faint. The shock of the past two days’ events made her realize that possibly her son would become one more statistic in the missing children file. The police completed a preliminary survey after asking hundreds of detailed questions. Hot lines proved of fruitless.
与此同时，对于莱斯利，随着事件真相的不断深入，噩梦也在继续显现。48小时后，地区警察部门发言人向她保证，他们将对扎克的失踪展开调查。她对正义会得到伸张的信心减弱了。最近两天发生的事使她认识到，他的儿子很可能成为失踪儿童名单中增加的又一个新数字。在询问了许许多多的细节问题之后，警察完成了初步调查。热线电话丝毫没有结果。
Meanwhile, over the next year there were countless visits and interviews at the police station and her home. The police appeared to be making no progress in trailing Zac’s whereabouts. As the days passed, Lesley’s frustration mounted and she felt a sense of alarm. Eventually, she decided to take the initiative in continuing the search and she began to use well-established child find agencies. At times, boosted by hopes, she appeared to be on the right trail with a sense of disgust, but her hopes were dashed at the final moment. These obstacles only made her more determined not to quit or to abandon hope. After Zac’s picture was circulated nationwide, telephone calls followed from strangers reporting sightings of a Zac look alike. Month by month her plan evolved into a campaign equal to a full-scale battle plan. She paid an exceedingly high fee for specialized help, such as the services of an attorney. Lesley became determined to target every major city where Jeff normally contracted business. As the months slipped by, Lesley’s exhaustion became noticeable in her eyes. Her cheeks became hollow pits. Most days she felt as though she did not have an ounce of energy left because proof of Zac’s existence seemed impossible to find.
在接下来的一年多时间里，她在警察局和家中接受了无数次的访问和会见。在寻找礼物的下落上，警察似乎并没有取得什么进展。时间一天天地过去，莱斯利感到日益失望，她有一种恐慌的感觉。终于，她决定要争取主动，继续找寻，她开始求助于专门的儿童寻找机构。有时，尽管感到有些厌烦，由于希望的驱使，她还是加入到搜寻线索的行列，但她的希望都在最后时刻破灭了。这些挫折只会令她更坚定不放弃寻找或不丧失希望的决心。扎克的照片在全国传阅，不断有陌生人打来电话，报告说看见了像扎克模样了人。一月又一月，她参与活动的计划安排相当于一场大规模的战役部署。她出高薪请专家帮忙，例如聘请代理人为她服务。莱斯利开始决定在杰夫平日联系生意的每一个主要城市去寻找目标。几个月过去了，从莱斯利的眼里，可以明显感觉到她的确精疲力竭了。她的脸颊深深地凹了下去。大多数日子里，她觉得好像一点儿精力也没有了，因为证明扎克还在的证据看来是不可能找到了。
Another year passed and her hopes dimmed. Unexpectedly, late in August a promising lead brought her to
又一年过去了，她的希望变得更加渺茫。但出乎意料，八月底，一个很有希望的线索把她带到了洛杉矶。
The interior of the bar was dark. Her quest to locate Jeff and Zac had taken two years. She had paid private investigators in American currency to help her locate her ex-husband. In her handbag she carried the necessary proof that would identify her to the authorities if she was successful in being able to bring Zac home again, to
酒吧里面很暗。追寻杰夫和扎克和下落已经花了她现年时间。她付费给在美国的私家侦察机构，帮她查找前夫的下落。在她的手提包里，有可以向当局证明的必要材料，一旦成功，她就可以将扎克带回家，回到加拿大。她焦急地等待着这一刻的到来已经很久了，而现在她只想找回她的儿子，发行量不要出什么乱子。就在这个时候，一个高个的陌生人溜进酒吧坐下来。她一眼就认出那是杰夫。他看起来很疲惫，显得更苍老了，但还是相当熟悉。一阵寒气掠过她的背脊。马上就要成功了！她拒绝承认失败，这正是治疗巨大伤痛的时刻。这次，她要确保成功。她带着迷茫的神情凝视着前方，努力要抓住这重要的时刻。过去两年的搜寻情景，一幕幕清晰地在她的脑海中闪现。
The following day, happily for Lesley, the headline of the local paper read, “Father turns over child. Mother slams system.”
翌日，使莱斯利感到高兴的是当地报纸的头条新闻：“父亲将孩子送回，母亲猛烈抨击体制”。
Lesley and Zac’s subsequent life could now resume some form of normalcy, however, the stress and strain of the past two years would always remain as a part of this renewed relationship in the memory
至于莱斯利和扎克后来的生活，现在可能恢复到某种正常状态了。然而，过去两年的压力和紧张将成为这种重新恢复起来的关系中的一部分，永远留在记忆里。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之二
一次机会One chance
The tiny antique silver pin lay in my hand. I stared hard at the solemn face looking back at me from the oval frame. I was looking for some resemblance between my ancestor and my self. Her brow was broad and strong, the eyes kind and forgiving. She wore a stiff black bonnet, a high white collar and a coarsely woven shawl around her shoulders. In examining her face more closely, maybe I could identify some similarity around the eyes and the nose. An inner strength shone from the eyes of this diminutive lady who had helped head her family from
那枚小小的旧银别针就放在我的手上。我紧盯着那张从椭圆形镜框里反过来看着我的严肃面孔。我在寻找我的祖先和我自己之间的某些相似之处。她的眉毛宽大浓密，眼睛里温和慈祥。她戴着一顶绷紧的黑色软帽，高白领，肩上披着一条做工粗糙的披肩。再近点观察她的脸孔，或许我能在眼睛和鼻子周围辨认出一些相似的地方。从这位身材矮小的女士的眼里，透射出一种内在的力量，她曾帮助和带领她的家庭，从爱尔兰来到了新世界。
The times, in
那时候，在18世纪70年代的爱尔兰，人人处境艰难。一场特大洪水毁掉了他们的庄稼之后，约翰和莉莉•洛夫一家像其他所有的巴伦斯宫廷庄园的佃户一样痛苦不堪。庄园主还算慷慨，鉴于这个艰难时期，允许佃户们拖欠租金。然而，天气状况持续恶化，这个小家庭变得悲观起来，对他们的生活前途感到绝望。那个时候，几乎每个家庭至少有一名家庭成员出走前往新世界。饱受饥荒之苦的憔悴面容到处都是，要靠一英亩耕地生活是不可能的。
Last one night, after the children were in bed, John and Lily discussed the possibility of making a reservation aboard a sailing ship bound for
一天夜里，孩子们入睡以后，约翰和莉莉讨论起预定船只前往美国的可能性。就在当天，约翰在市镇广场上看到一张海报，是船主张贴出来招揽乘客的。约翰知道船上的条件对莉莉不大合适，她有一个刚出生的婴儿和两个大点的男孩。但是，她认为在美国定居将是这个家庭取得独立和谋生的唯一出路。更重要的是，据说在那个新国家土地是免费的。莉莉也赞成出去。
In port, the sailing ship, Hannah, under the command of Captain Mitchell lay at anchor. The adventure of crossing the Atlantic Ocean bound for
在港口，那艘帆船“汉纳”号，在米切尔船长的指挥下，正抛锚停泊。跨越大西洋前往费城的冒险要花两到三个月。乘客们被许诺有最好的食品供应和充足的淡水。暴风雨可能很猛烈，甲板下面的生活条件将是很单调的。约翰加入到了那长长的队列里，等了很久以后，终于来到付款台前。他在合同上签了字，按要求为乘坐那艘船的每个人付5英镑。办事员为约翰开了收据，表示钱已付清。
Once under sail the three hundred passengers found them crowded into miserable conditions. The smell of so many people crowded together was offensive. The breadth of the vessel was narrow and the headroom below deck minimal.
可是一上船，三百名乘客发现船上非常拥挤，条件很恶劣。这么多人挤在一起，气味简直让人受不了。船舱狭窄又很低矮。
As the tiny craft sailed out of Laugh Foyle, and entered the
小船驶离洛夫福伊进入大西洋的时候，就开始不祥地摇晃起来，船上的人担心他们是否能够安全完成航程还是会被巨浪吞噬。到处都是晕船的，人们没有食欲。伙食没有承诺的那么好，还常常是腐烂的，水也有咸味。
Eventually, the winds lessened and the Captain was able to set his sights towards
终于风浪减弱了，船长能够看准美国的方向，成功地驾船工行驶在平静的航线上。八个星期零一天之后，“汉纳”号靠岸，洛夫一家在美国登陆，成为美国最早的移民。经过这么多天的航行，凝视着这片大地，的确令人心旷神怡。看来在船上过的那些艰苦的日子还是值得的。码头上的搬运工在忙着搬运行李。头发上带着丝带的小姑娘们环视着甲板，希望第一眼看到他们到来的父亲。对于莉莉来说，登记和办理移民手续好像没完没了。
John said that he would go ahead to scout out some land in the far west of the state. He would push on to the frontier with a bunch of other Irish chaps. Lily and the children could follow more slowly, harnessing the horse and cart to convey their scanty possessions. The stuff in the cart would include a kettle, dishes, blankets, a chair, a bucket and an axe.
约翰说他要先出发，在这个州遥远的西部找一些土地。他和一帮爱尔兰小伙子一起赶往边疆。莉莉和孩子们可以在后面慢慢地跟，坐马车把他们仅有的一点家产运来。车上的那些东西包括一个壶、一个盘子、毯子、一把椅子、一个提桶和一把斧头。
There was a perception by the government at this time that the feisty Irish would resist any hostile natives refusing to retreat and thus maintaining the western boundary. The Irish, too, were pleased to settle as far away from the government as possible. Instead of purchasing land, they would “squat” on the property erecting only a temporary, humble shelter to stave off the weather. Once their families arrived, they would inspire the men to build proper cabins. Neither fancy nor elegant, these log structures would be their first real homes. Property boundaries at this time were not marked out with iron rods or stakes in a standard fashion, but rather designated by natural objects such as rocks, trees and creeks. Confusion and disputes must often have followed later, when these survey points disappeared.
那时候，政府认为，好斗的爱尔兰人会抵抗那些有敌意的当地人，拒绝妥协让步，以保住西部边疆。而爱尔兰人也乐得尽量远离政府定居。不需要购买，他们只要支起一个能遮蔽风雨的临时简陋住所，就算占用了这片土地。一旦家人到达，他们会鼓励男人们建造合适的房屋。既不奇特也不优雅，这些原木结构的建筑物将是他们第一个真正的家。那时，地产边界不是用标准的铁棍或木桩来做标志，而是用象岩石、树木和小溪等自然物来界定。后来因为这些测量点消失了，混乱和争执时常发生。
After exploring the area around Shirley’s burg, John and his sons rode over
在探究了歇里斯伯格周围的地区之后，约翰和他的儿子们翻过桑迪山脉，在布莱克拉格山下面勘察了土地，他们决定就在这条狭长的山谷里定居下来。因此这个山谷被称为洛夫山谷，直到今天还这样叫。
At the time, drums were used to fore warn that the natives were going to capture the forts, which guarded the western frontier. Daily life in this new land, for the early settlers, was harsh and difficult. First they needed to tame the land, chopping down trees, in order to be able to plant crops. At times they needed to defend their land and be wary of attacks from wild animals, such as wolves and bears. Mosquito bites caused severe reactions of swelling and itchiness. Once the work was done, neighbors would gather for an occasional social function. The children would play for hours chasing butterflies and looking for girls with them. There would be a delicious picnic lunch spread on the grass. John asked Lily to bring some freshly squeezed lemon juice for the picnic. He found the sour taste of lemonade was refreshing on a hot summer’s day. Some of the men would have a drink of homemade in the moonshine before striking up a tune on the fiddle. Square dancing was popular among the young people and the young lads would leap up to dance with the eligible young ladies. Rivals for a young lady’s hand in marriage would tend to compete to walk her home at the end of an evening. The romantic times were few and contrasted sharply with the stern reality of everyday life.
那时候，当土著人来夺取防护西部边界的那些城堡时，他们就使用鼓声作为预先的示警。在这块新土地上的日常生活对于早期的定居者来说是非常艰辛和困苦的。首先，他们需要开垦土地，砍倒树木，以便能够种上庄稼。有时，他们需要保卫他们的土地，提防狼和熊等野兽的攻击以及蚊子叮咬造成的肿痛和奇痒。干完活后，邻居们偶尔会聚在一起举行社交活动。孩子们会玩上好几个小时，去捕蝴蝶，掏鸟窝，男孩子们会逮青蛙去捉弄女孩们，还有布置在草地上的美味午餐。约翰叫莉莉为野餐带去一些鲜榨柠檬汁，他发现柠檬的酸味在炎热的夏天令人清爽，使人振奋。月光下，有的人还会来一杯自家酿的酒，然后便趁兴用小提琴拉上一曲。青年人中很流行方块舞，年轻的小伙子们就会跳出来与中意的姑娘们一起跳舞。晚上，向姑娘们求婚的竞争对手们往往会竞相来到她们的家里。浪漫的时候虽然很少，但却和每天严酷的现实生活形成鲜明的对照。
Neighbors were also few and Lily found she was very lonely. She looked forward to the occasional visits of the minister, Robert Ayers, who was a Methodist circuit rider. Meetings would be held in fields or small barns, three to four times a year. At other times neighbor women from over the mountain would meet to make quilts, blankets and cushions and to gossip about their respective lives. They would share their secret fears regarding their new lives, their hopes for their children’s future and enjoy each other’s companionship.
邻居也很少，莉莉觉得孤独。她盼望着卫理公会教派骑马巡回的罗伯特•埃亚牧师的偶然造访。一年有三、四次在田地里或小库房进行。另外，有时候，翻山过来的邻家妇女会聚在一起做被子，织地毯和垫子，聊聊各自生活中的琐事。他们分担着对新生活的暗自担心，对孩子前程的殷切期望，并为相互间的友谊高兴不已。
Twenty years slipped by and John Love died at the early age of 47. Several years later, son James and his family, as well as widow Lily, his Mother, made the decision to leave
20年过去了，约翰•洛夫在47岁时就过早地去世了。几年后，儿子詹姆斯和他的家庭，还有他的母亲——寡妇莉莉，决定离开宾夕法尼亚到加拿大定居。他们经过艰难跋涉，沿着印第安人的足迹，渡过尼亚加拉河，在今天我们称之为安大略的地方定居下来。
I am a Canadian. Having traced my roots and followed in the footsteps of these early settlers, I feel a sense of gratitude to my ancestors who faced extreme difficulties and severe hardship to settle in a new land.
我是加拿大人。追根溯源，沿着这些早期移民的足迹，一种感激之情油然而生。我的祖先们面对艰难困苦，克服重重困难才在这片土地上定居下来。不论那时还是现在，自由都是宝贵的遗产。
Once more, I glanced at the silver pin before returning it to the velvet box. Once again, I questioned, “What did I inherit from my Love ancestors?” I realize the answer has been revealed while writing this story. I have determination, strength, loyalty and a love of adventure. This is my inheritance.
在把那枚银别针放回丝绒盒之前，我又看了它一眼。我再次问到：“我从洛夫祖先那里继承了什么呢？”在写这个故事的时候，我知道我有了答案。我所拥有的决心、力量、忠诚和对冒险的热爱就是我继承到的遗产。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之三～四
一个大人物和他的城堡A man and his castle
魔幻城堡是世界上最著名的展示才能与激情的名胜之一。这个奇迹般的游览地，就是现在著名的赫斯特圣西蒙国家历史博物馆，它作为赫斯特城堡，则更为有名。它位于旧金山以南6小时、洛杉矶以北5小时车程的地方。这座隐蔽在圣路易斯•奥比斯波郡北部群山之中的综合建筑有165个房间，占地127英亩，有花园、游廊、水池、喷泉和小径，每年吸引大约80万名游客来到这里。要了解这座城堡，你就得了解建造它的那个人——威廉•伦道夫•赫斯特，而要了解这个人，你就得了解他把梦想建在其上的这块土地。
Born on April 29, 1863, William Randolph Hearst was the only child of Gorge Hearst and his wife, Phoebe. George was a multimillionaire who amassed his fortune through partnerships in three of the ever largest mining discoveries of copper, silver, and gold ores. In 1865, George began to accumulate parcels of land by obtaining 46,000 acres of the Piedra Blanco Ranch on
威廉•伦道夫•赫斯特，生于
William loved the ranch where he spent his summer vacations as a youngster and a youth, playing in the rugged canyons, descending the cliffs and camping in colorful Arab-style tents in the mountains with his family.
威廉热爱这个青年时期渡过暑假的牧场。在崎岖不平的溪谷里游玩，攀登悬崖，和家人一起在山里华美的阿拉伯式的帐篷里野营。
Phoebe was delighted in exposing her darling child to the beauties and wonders of the world and spared no expense doing so. During one of their adventures, an 18-month tour of the historic palaces and castles of
菲比很喜欢让她心爱的孩子去认识这个美丽而奇妙的世界，花费多少都无所谓。在一次冒险活动期间，他们用18个月游览了欧洲历史上著名的宫殿和城堡，从那时起威廉开始养成收集的终身爱好。他从最初收集德国的图画书开始，进行了长达78年的超级消费。他承认一生中对精美物品的痴迷和热爱，而且因为有一个用不完的钱包，他对想要的任何东西从不吝惜金钱。
In 1887, while William was at
1887年，当威廉在哈佛大学读书时，他决定接管一家小报纸《旧金山问询报》，几年前他的父亲将其作为一笔赌债接收了下来。乔治更希望他的儿子把兴趣放在采矿和经营牧场上，但威廉拒绝了这个建议并于1887年3月接手成为《问询报》的主人。他决定购置最好的设备，邀请最好的作者撰稿，提升报纸的声望。
William’s resolve to succeed inspired him to publish juicy tales of vice and stories full of drama and motivation. In 1895, he purchased the New York Morning Journal, putting him in direct competition with the distinguished Joseph Pulitzer and a circulation war began.
威廉渴望成功的决心，促使他出版有趣的下流传闻和充满戏剧性、引人入胜的故事。1895年，他买下《纽约晨报》，与著名的约瑟夫•普利策展开直接的竞争，开始了一场扩大发行量的商战。
Both the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers started to include sensational stories about the Cuban Insurrection. The stories greatly exaggerated claims of Spanish troops placing Cubans in concentration camps, forcing them to live under substandard conditions, disease-ridden, starving and dying. This style of reporting became known as “Yellow Journalism”. The newspapers were transformed as the scope of the news broadened and became less conservative. Circulation soared as the public could get enough of the banner headlines and abundant illustrations. At the time, many people believed William actually might have initiated the Spanish-American War to encourage sales. According to one report, when one of his correspondents, Frederick Remington, requested to return from
赫斯特和普利策的报纸都开始刊登有关古巴起义的耸人听闻的故事。这些故事极大地夸大了西班牙部队的行为：他们把古巴人关进集中营，迫使他们在恶劣的条件下生活，饱受疾病、饥饿和死亡的折磨。这种报道形式成了有名的“黄色新闻”。报纸在向扩大新闻范围方面转变，并变得不那么保守了。因为能够使公众获得足够的头条新闻和丰富的插图，发行量激增。那时，很多人相信威廉实际上可能会发动西班牙——美国战争以增加发行量。据一篇报道说，当他的一个通讯记者弗雷德里克雷明顿请求从哈瓦那回来时，威廉回答说如果雷明顿能提供图片，他就可以发起这场战争。曾有一篇社论引用过他的格言：“跟踪新闻到底。报道所有新闻。必要时浓缩新闻。浓缩后的新闻常常更出色。”
Another classic example of his influence occurred when; merely months after he advocated political assassination in an editorial, American President McKinley was assassinated.
关于受他影响的另一个典型例子是，他在一篇社论中鼓吹政治暗杀，仅仅几个月后，麦金利总统就遇刺身亡。
As an intelligent and dynamic business man, William generated increased readership by employing some of the most talented writers in the
作为一个聪明能干的商人，威廉通过雇佣美国最有才华的作者，从文学团体中聘用大人物，像马克•吐温和斯蒂芬•克莱恩，以及前面提到过的插图画家弗雷德里克•雷明顿，造就了不断增长的读者群。他还显示了他的创新能力。当时，他包租了一条游艇，把装备成一个小型的报社总部，停在古巴海岸边，让他的采访队伍进入战场。
William’s interests led him to follow in his father’s footsteps, inspiring him to enter into politics. He was elected to the U.S. Congress as a senator representing the State of
威廉的兴趣爱好引领他、激励他继承父业进入政界。1902年作为纽约州的代表，他以参议员的身份被选进美国国会，一起任职到1907年。他还是纽约市市长和纽约州州长职位的候选人，但这两次努力都失败了。
While honeymooning in
1903年与米莉森特•威尔逊结婚。在欧洲渡蜜月期间，他以《汽车杂志》扩张他出版帝国的疆土。赫斯特公司迅速成长以来，总共有包括《问询报》在内的12种报纸，和包括《大都会》在内的25种杂志。他并不满足于出版行业，还把他的事业扩展到电台，后来还生产新闻记录片。
This influential media giant was not without his faults. His prejudices were common knowledge. His career was blemished by his offensive remarks about Spaniards, Japanese, Filipinos, and Russians. He printed lies, forged documents, falsified stories of violence, wrote provocative editorials, and published sensational cartoons and photographs to support his opinions.
这个有巨大影响的媒体巨人也不是没有缺点。他的偏见是众所周知的。他对西班牙人、日本人、菲律宾人和俄罗斯人的攻击性评论是对他职业的玷污。为支持自己的观点，他刊载谎言，伪造文献，编选暴力故事，写煽动性的社论，出版蛊惑人心的卡通和照片。
William hated minorities. He took advantage of every opportunity to heighten racial tensions. His real motive for his hatred of Mexicans may have been the loss of 800,000 acres of prime timber land to the Mexican outlaw, Pancho Villa. His papers described them as marijuana-smoking, job-stealing, lazy, wicked, and violent degenerates. Some suggest he saw the Mexicans as a threat to his empire.
威廉憎恨少数民族。他利用一切机会加剧种族间的紧张关系。他憎恨墨西哥人的真正原因，可能是由于那个墨西哥逃犯Pancho Villa让他损失了800,000英亩的原始树林。他的报纸把他们描绘成抽大麻、磨洋工、懒惰、邪恶和喜欢暴力的堕落者。有人说他认为墨西哥人对他的帝国是一个威胁。
During this period, William met and fell in love with a young actress, Marion Davies. Millicent, his wife and the mother of his five sons, including a set of twins, refused to dissolve the marriage, which obliged William to “live in sin” with the woman whom the tour guides refer to as his “friend” or “companion”.
在这个时期，威廉遇见了年轻的女演员马里恩戴维斯并爱上了她。他的妻子，他5个儿子其中有一对双胞胎的母亲米莉森特，拒绝解除婚姻，迫使威廉与那个女人过着姘居的生活，导游提到她时就说是他的“朋友”或“同伴”。
With the death of his mother in 1919, William inherited the beloved quarter-million-acre ranch. At first, he planned to build modest ranch house on his favorite campsite but as he became more involved in the project, his vision of a monument to display his collections gained momentum. Working closely with family architect, Julia Morgan, William created a glorious and extraordinary castle-like structure, blending Spanish, European, and Californian architectural styles. Huge warehouses were built in San Simeon to store the shiploads of splendid antiques, including entire carved ceilings and walls hung with enormous tapestries. They could be installed in the completed rooms. Landscaping integrated exotic plants, hedges, and trees with native flora. As William was in his
1919年，他母亲去世，威廉继承了那个他深爱着的25万英亩的牧场。起初，他计划在他最喜欢的宿营地建一所普通的低矮平房，但当他更多地介入这个工程时，建一个纪念馆来展示他的收藏品的想法占了上风。威廉与家庭建筑师朱莉亚•摩根进一步密切协作，创造了一种气派显赫的像城堡一样的结构，整合了西班牙、欧洲和加利福尼亚的建筑风格。在圣西蒙创造了巨大的仓库存放成船的贵重古董，全部雕花的天花板以及用巨大挂毯装饰的墙壁。它们可以安置到已完工的房间里来。把外来的植物、灌木和树木结合进当地的植物种群，进一步美化景观。威廉已经60多岁了，他清楚地知道他可能等不到它们长大，但他是乐观的。他定购了成吨肥沃的表层土，覆盖地面达5英尺深，把这些植物长好的样品用卡车运到山上种植。
With thousands of acres of land covered with grassland, trees, natural ponds, and man-made reservoirs available for use, William stocked the estate with herds of rare oxen and deer, and flocks of sheep and lambs. These animals flourished as they were allowed to wander freely. Larger, more dangerous beasts, including tigers, ostriches, buffalo, yaks, emus, kangaroos, llamas, zebras and giraffes were enclosed in the largest private zoo in the world.
在可以利用的数千英亩的土地上，有草地、树林、天然水池和人工水库，威廉在庄园里放养了珍稀的牛群和鹿群，还有一群群的绵羊和小羊羔。因为允许它们自由漫游，这些动物健壮而活跃。那些大家伙，比较危险的野兽，包括老虎、鸵鸟、水牛、牦牛、鸸鹋(产于澳洲的大型鸟)、袋鼠、骆驼、斑马和长颈鹿，则被关在这个世界上最大的私人动物园里。
The “complex” was ready for occupancy in 1927, but additions continued until 1947. Eventually it comprised the main house and three cottages, all of which are furnished with a variety of valuable antiques. Even the lavatories were specially equipped. William’s favorite room was said to be the library with its collections of more than 5,000 books, ancient Greek vases, and an antique Spanish ceiling suspended by cables so it will sway in the event of an earthquake (all the antique furnishings and treasures are anchored as a precaution as this is earthquake country).
那座“综合性建筑”在1927年就已经可以使用，但扩建工程一直持续到1947年。最后，它包含了一幢主楼和三栋别墅，每一座的家具配备都使用各种贵重的古董。连厕所的设施都很特别。威廉最喜欢的房间据说是图书室，里面有收藏的5，000多本书籍，古希腊的花瓶，以及一个用缆索悬吊起来的古代西班牙吊顶，一旦发生地震，吊顶就会摇摆(所有的古代家具和珍宝都被事先用铰链固定住，因为这是一个多地震的国家)。
In the ‘20s, ‘30s, and ‘40s, William loved part-time at the estate with his mistress, Marion Davies. They entertained to an excessive extent. To be invited to the castle was a privilege. Movie stars, politicians, businessmen, and even royalty were frequent guests. Many of these guests, including a British lord, Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith, Amelia Ear hart, and Charles Lindbergh, flew to the ranch, landing on the private airstrip.
20年代到40年代，威廉时常与他的情人马里恩•戴维斯居住于此。他们待客极尽奢华。被邀请到城堡是一种殊荣。电影明星、政治家、商人，还有皇室成员都是他们的常客。这些客人当中的很多人，包括一名英国的勋爵、查尔斯•金福特•史密斯先生、阿梅莉亚•埃尔哈特、查尔斯•林德伯格，曾直接飞到这个庄园，降落在这里的私人飞机跑道上。
Life on the “hill” was never dull. The visitors stayed in the main house or the cottages, depending on their prominence or their intimacy with the family and were free to roam the grounds, go riding on their choice of horses on the property. Company was expected, however, to meet in the main drawing room at 7:30 p.m. sharp, principally to amuse their host. Dinner was a formal affair beginning at 9:00 p.m. this meal was held in the immense dining room, the walls of which are lined with priceless panels from ancient European cathedrals. Following dinner, movies were shown in the private theater, starting at 11:00.
“山”上的生活从来都不乏味。来访者按他们的显赫程度或与这个家庭的亲密关系，或住在主楼里，或住在别墅中，在园子里自由散步，去马厩里挑匹马来骑，到水池里去游泳，或者在这块领地上的私人球场上玩高尔夫球。不过，大家还是急切期盼着晚上7点30分在主画室里同主人相见，显然主要是想让他们的主人高兴。宴会是一项正式的活动，在晚上9点开始。这顿饭在巨大的餐厅进行，餐厅墙壁是用来自古代欧洲天主教堂的珍贵的镶板拼成的。饭后，在私人影院上映电影，11点开始。
There were, however, three rules guests had to follow: do not get drunk; do not swear or tell off-color jokes; sleep in separate bedrooms if an unmarried couple. Food was not allowed in the rooms. If you wanted to eat, you could visit the kitchen… if you could find it.
不过，有三条规矩客人必须遵守：不能醉酒；不能赌咒或开伤风败俗的玩笑；还没结婚的一对恋人要睡在不同的卧室。食物不能带进房间。如果你想吃东西，可以到厨房去……只要你找得到。
Although William was closely involved in all aspects of the construction and decoration of the mansion, he continued his business and social interest. No stranger to scandal, in November 1924, he found himself in the topic of headlines. The most enduring rumor was that, during a party on his yacht, he had found
尽管威廉积极参与了这所豪宅的建设和装饰的各个方向，他仍然在继续他的商业和社交活动。对流言蜚语习以为常的他，1924年11月，发现自己上了头条新闻。那是一个流行已久的谣言：在游艇上的一次聚会上，他发现马里恩在亲吻查里•卓别林，他妒火中烧，于是向卓别林开了一枪，偏了，却意外地击中了托马斯•因斯，杀死了他。不过，尽管早上的报纸登载了这个故事，但晚上的报纸和更多的版面就登出因斯死于急性消化不良。
In 1945, William initiated the Hearst Foundation and created the California Charities Foundation in 1948 (the name was changed to the William Randolph Hearst Foundation soon after his death in 1951). The Great Depression took its toll on even the wealthiest and William Randolph Hearst was no exception. His fantastically decadent lifestyle couldn’t last forever, and gradually his finances began to suffer, beginning the next chapter in the saga of excesses. He came close to being bankrupt but
1945年，威廉建立赫斯特基金会。1948年创立加利福尼亚慈善基金会（在他1951年去世后不久，改为威廉•伦道夫•赫斯特基金会）。大萧条对即使是最富有的人都会带来损失，威廉•伦道夫也不例外。他那种荒诞放纵的生活方式不能再继续下去了，他的财政开始逐渐吃紧。这种放荡生活的下一篇章开始了。就在他行将破产的时候，马里恩在把他从债务中挽救出来。她无私地卖掉了她的珠宝和一些其他的地产，筹集了100多万美元。
In 1947, due to his poor health, he was forced to move permanently to
1947年，由于健康状况恶化，他被迫永久地住在贝弗莉山上。马里恩在此期间一直照顾他，几乎没有离开过他的身边。当他于1951年88岁去世时，她却被他的家庭有意避开，并被禁止参加葬礼。
The castle, its furnishings, the artworks in the gallery, and 127 acres of land were given to the state of
这座城堡，连同里面的家具设施，走廊里的艺术品，以及127英亩的土地在1957年给了加利福尼亚政府。从那时起，加利福尼亚公园和娱乐部一直把这座城堡向游人开放。
Today a visit to the estate begins near the site of the old airstrip. Guests are transported to the top of the hill via bus. One can still see the signs giving wandering animals the “right-of-way” on the lanes. Deer, cattle, and sheep often halt the buses’ progress up or down the mountain as they meander to the salt licks.
今天游览到这个庄园，起点就在旧飞机跑道所在位置附近。客人们乘巴士到山顶。路上，仍然可以看见让放养的动物们“优先通行”的标示牌。鹿、牛和羊悠闲地在盐渍地舔食时，常常迫使正在行驶的上下山巴士停下来。
Depending on the tour one chooses, guides escort the public through a variety of rooms, gardens, cottages, and pools. The luxury of a bygone era is evident at every turn. From the moment you arrive at the stairway to the Neptune Pool until you bid farewell to your guides at the magnificent, golden and blue Roman Pool, you are reminded that a man had a dream. He had power and influence. Furthermore, he was prosperous enough to achieve his objectives and implement his dream.
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之五
加籍华人阿寿Yip Sang, a Chinese-Canadian
The British and Chinese signed the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, each providing their respective subjects with the right to benefit from full security and protection for their persons and property within each other’s boundaries. Even though
1842年，中英两国签订《南京条约》，双方为各自的国民提供在彼此的疆域内享有人员和财产受到完全保护的权利。尽管中国没有公开允许移民出境，但1860年通过的一条法律规定寻求在英国殖民地或其他地方工作的华人有这种移民自由。他们及其家人只要登上在中国任一个开放港口里的任一艘英国船只即可。1868年，另一个条约——一个与美国签订的条约——给予那些观光、贸易或永久定居为目的的华人将家庭及对国家的效忠从一个国家转移到另一个国家的权利。从而打开了从中国移民出境的大门。
The gold boom in
1850年不列颠哥伦比亚的淘金热开始了华人从美国移民到加拿大的历程。在这些早期移民中间，很多人是从福建省、广东省乘船到达旧金山的。当听说在不列颠哥伦比亚发现了金矿，很多人从陆路穿越俄勒冈州，过边境进入加拿大，或者乘船到达维多利亚港。当金矿被淘尽的时候，这些早期的定居者留了下来，转而从事园艺、农业、家政服务、道路和铁路建设等行业。到1871年，这个省大约有3,000名华裔居民，其中只有53名妇女。
Since Chinese workers were know to be conscientious and reliable, several companies actively recruited them. As a result, it was estimated that 10,000 workers arrived between 1882 and 1884. In an effort to restrict they entry of Chinese immigrants, an act was passed in the Canadian Parliament confining the proportion to one person for every 50 tons of vessel tonnage. A head tax was also imposed. Records of those who paid the head tax are still available for viewing in the National Archives of Canada.
因为华人劳工以勤劳守信闻名，多家公司争相雇佣他们。结果，在1882年至1884年期间，估计来了10,000名工人。为了有效地限制华人入境，加拿大国会通过了一项法令，限制每50吨排水吨位只能运载1人，还征收人头税。那些交了人头税的人，其档案至今还可以在加拿大国家档案馆查阅到。
An article in the Illustrated London News in January 1875 gave some insight into the emigration process of the Chinese by conveying the ideas of changes they might undergo. The author thought the modifications would be slight and principally external. He believed that, in an attempt to blend in, the Chinese would adopt American language, culture, and dress. However, because the Chinese brought with them a strong sense of their own identity, it wasn’t necessary for them to cultivate a North American way of life, nor did they feel an obligation to abandon their traditions. Much of the article would be considered insulting by today’s standards.
1875年元月刊登在《伦敦新闻画报》上的一篇文章，通过揭示华人一些观念的改变，对移民过程做了某些深层的透视。其作者认为，他们的变化是很小的，而且基本上都是外在的。他相信在努力融入当地社会的过程中，华人接受了美洲的语言、文化和服饰。然而，因为华人总是带有一种对他们自己身份的强烈认同感，要他们养成北美的生活方式是没有必要的，他们也认为没有义务放弃自己的传统。以今天的标准来看，这篇文章的大部分内容可以被认为是带有侮辱性的。
In the
在美国，存在两种对立的观点。一方面，华人被看成廉价的劳动力，为这个国家的财富积累提供了必要的人力资源，大多数通常从事危险的职业。另一方面，又有人污蔑他们是这个国家的“祸根”。有些美国人赞扬中国人，另一些人则指责他们是恶棍。还有些人忧心忡忡于如果所有移民都决定留下来可能会发生的问题。然而，他们的担心毫无道理，因为大多数华人并没打算留下来。他们最大的愿望就是尽可能地攒钱，然后回到中国。
Guilds were set up to provide lodging and employment for the emigrants, for a fee of course. The fee ensured that the worker would be paid a decent wage and that his employer would not deceive him. The accumulated fees amounted to a large sum, allowing the Guilds to help those who were ill or out of work. They not only saw that the worker received whatever was due to him, they also made him pay all his debts. The worker wasn’t allowed to return to his own country without a certificate from his agent stating he owned nothing.
为移民提供食宿和就业的行会建立了起来。当然，这是要付钱的。所付费用可以保证工人得到合理的工资，不受雇主欺骗。会费累积到很大一笔的时候，行会就能够帮助生病或失业的人。他们不仅要注意工人是否得到应得的收入，还要使他还清所有的债务。没有其代理人出具的无欠债的证明，工人是不允许回到自己国家的。
Many Chinese were able to save a portion of their earnings to take with them to their family back home. Often, after workers returned to
很多华人能够存下一部分收入，回家时带回他们的祖国。工人们回到中国后，常常会再次到北美挣更多的钱。然而，在中国，被允许上船之前，他们必须证明自己是自愿走的，并不是受劳动合同的约束。在开船之前，当局会上来检查，保证船上所有的人都检过票，并且不是违反他们的意愿离开这个国家的。
Yip Sang, born in
阿寿，1845年出生于广东，19岁时离开中国到美国谋生。1864年到达旧金山后，靠打工过活，先是当洗碗工，然后是厨师，最后是雪茄卷烟工。从一开始，他就认识到，只要他有耐心，能够表现出最佳的能力，就会实现他的价值。
Possibly the attraction of high wages rumored to be offered by Canadian railroad companies roused Yip San to leave
也许是受传闻中加拿大铁路公司所给的高工资的吸引，阿寿离开了旧金山。1881年他到温哥华。1882年至1884年，他在加拿大太平洋铁路的西段工作。先是做簿记员，然后是记工员，出纳员，最后被提拔为供应公司的华人主管。这次晋升使他负责雇佣合同的事务，他把几千人从中国运送到不列颠哥伦比亚的铁路线上工作。在建设高峰期间，他管理的华工达六、七千人。
In 1885, he returned to
1885年，他用在加拿大太平洋铁路公司挣的钱回到中国，并从1885年住到1888年。在那里，他娶了四个妻子。那时，对富有的年轻人来说这种情况很普遍。他和他的第一位妻子李氏有一个儿子和一个女儿。李氏在婚后得了重病，力劝他再娶一位妻子，以便照顾他们的孩子。他的第二位妻子汪氏，很年轻，有一双“多情”的眼睛，但却得不到李氏的认可。她坚持要他再结第三次婚，这次一定会选一个能够照顾孩子的。第三位妻子董氏比较成熟，有能力管理家务和照顾孩子。董氏又说服他要了第四位妻子金氏，她的主要角色是董氏的帮手。他与他的四个妻子有二十三个孩子，其中一个成为加拿大知名的第一位加籍华人医生。他和他的三个妻子于1888年回到加拿大——李氏在他们走之前已经去世。
On his return to
这次回到加拿大，他创办了一家新企业。他成了一位商人，在温哥华唐人街的中心地段开了一家进出口公司。Wing Sang公司的业务是从中国进口货物。该公司为华裔加拿大人供应在温哥华不容易买到的商品，并把加拿大的食品出口到中国。
His formula of pouring as much money as he could afford into building and expansion couldn’t help but succeed. In 1889, Yip Sang bought land on
他倾其所有投资房地产的方式和扩展经营的方法大获成功。1889年，阿寿在唐人街的彭得街买地，开始建一座综合大楼，这座大楼至今犹在。最初是一座两层大楼，一楼作店面，二楼住人，这也许是唐人街上用耐用砖建造的第一座楼房。顾客进商店前，要走过铺在土路街上的木板平台，以免把灰尘和泥土带进屋里。
With the tone of success, Yip Sang added to his building. In 1901, he widened the street to accommodate three more shops, each with a second story above. He also added a third floor to the original building in the same year. In 1912, to house both his growing family and his business, he built a new six-story brick building behind the old one and connected to it by a narrow corridor at ground level, and by an enclosed stairway extension on the third floor that stretched above the alley between the two buildings. Most of the new building was used to warehouse goods for the import/export business.
伴随成功的步伐，阿寿扩建了他的房屋。1901年，他加宽了街道以适应另外三个商店的需要，每个都是两层的。同年，他在原来的房屋上加了第三层。1912年，为满足不断增长的家庭和事业的用房需要，他在旧房子的后面建了一座六层的砖房。两座房屋之间的地面有个狭小的走廊相连，在三楼上架设了一个跨过两座楼之间小巷的楼梯。大多数房间用于储存进出口货物。
Yip’s Sang’s involvement with shipping companies and his own business demonstrated his understanding of the freight industry and his ability to work fluently in both Chinese and English languages. In 1889, the CPR rehired Yip Sang to act as their Chinese Passenger Agent for their Canadian Steamship Line, a position he held until his death in 1927 at the age of 82.
阿寿与船运公司的联系以及他自己的事业，展示了他对运输业的了解和熟练使用汉语和英语工作的能力。1889年，加拿大太平洋铁路公司再次请他担任加拿大轮船公司的华人旅客代理。他担任这个职务一直到1927年82岁去世时为止。
The demand for salted herring in china, in conjunction with huge catches being brought in by the fishing fleet, spurred Yip Sang to build a fish packing plant in
对中国咸鲱鱼的大量需求，再加上渔船船队带回来的巨大捕获量，促使阿寿在南奈莫建立了鱼片加工厂。这个厂的成功又促使他不久就在温哥华岛开了第二家。两个厂雇佣了大量的华工，帮助在南奈莫城中心建立了一个很大的华人社区。
Consistent with Yip Sang’s devotion to growth and improvement, he promoted and fostered education. Not only did he found the Ok Kuo Night School, he also served as its principal for over ten years. His children went to public school, but they also received schooling at home from tutors hired from
与对事业发展壮大的投入相一致的是，阿寿支持和鼓励教育。他不仅建了Ok Kuo夜校，还担任这所学校的校长达十多年。他的孩子们进的是公立学校，但他们在家还要接受教育。他从香港雇来家庭教师教他们汉语。阿寿以极大的兴致关心孩子们的学习。他的哲学是，把基础汉语加入到孩子们的加拿大教育中，综合起来将培养出更全面、更负责的公民。
As a keen advocate of education in
作为一个加拿大教育的热心倡导者，身在国外的阿寿还赞助中国的教育。他家乡广东的Ling-nan大学和Toi-shan中学就是在他的帮助下建立的。
Throughout his life, he maintained an active role in
纵观他的一生，他始终是温哥华唐人街里的活跃人物。他是当时一起建立华人慈善协会的十一个人之一，协会有一个部门是照顾无家可归的生病、年迈或有困难的华人的。
When he died at the age of 82, Yip Sang was not only one of the wealthiest merchants in
在他82岁去世的时候，阿寿不仅是温哥华最富有的人之一，还被认为是社会的栋梁。阿寿的后代一直以他的成熟为荣，继续在温哥华社会中发挥着积极的作用。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之六
理想职业An ideal position
Life is good. My career in elementary education in
生活是美好的。在加拿大教小学的职业生涯，如今成了美好的回忆。回顾多年的工作，我想起了我教的许多班级，我工作过的多所学校，我出席过的数不清的教职员工会议，以及我参与服务的众多委员会。我估计，这些年来，和我一起工作过的同事有好几百人了，而有一千多名学生叫过我老师。我要是说我走在学校走廊上总是觉得很愉快，没什么奇怪吧？
Sometimes I worked with students at the intermediate level. In
有时，我的工作是教中年级的学生。在加拿大，这个阶段的学生和十几岁的青少年都是青春期前的孩子。
When I decided to retire, I knew that the first step in the procedure was to write a letter to my employer, a school board, to resign my position. I postponed mailing the letter. I was reluctant to add the postage to the letter, knowing that once I mailed it, the decision could not be reversed.
当我决定退休的时候，我知道办手续的第一步是写一封信给我的老板，即学校董事会，要求辞去我的工作。我推迟了寄信。我不太愿意把邮票贴到信封上，因为我知道一旦把信寄出，这个决定就不能更改了。
Because I was a veteran teacher of many years, I would be eligible to receive a pension. I calculated that the revenue I would receive each month would be sufficient to sustain my current lifestyle. If I was smart about my spending habits, I might even have a surplus of money. I certainly would not need to pinch every penny. I knew the money would not come to me in the form of a check. Instead, it would be deposited directly into my bank account. I could withdraw cash from my investments if I needed to supplement my income, my credit rating would allow me to be eligible for a loan when some unforeseen financial crisis a rose. I knew, therefore, that there was no reason to panic, as my future was secure even if inflation increased or a recession occurred. In either case my income would only be minus a few dollars, a fraction of the total amount.
因为我是工作多年的老教师，我有资格领取一份退休金。我算出我每月领到的退休金足够维持我现在的生活方式。如果在花钱时精打细算，我甚至可能还有剩余。当然，我不需要去节省每个便士。这些钱不会以一张支票的形式发到我手上，而是直接存入到我的银行账户。如果我需要补贴收入，可以撤回一些投资换成现金。而且，我的信用等级使我有资格在出现无法预料的财政危机时得到银行贷款。因此，我知道没有理由惊惶失措，即使是通货膨胀或者出现经济衰退，我的将来也是有保障的。不论出现哪种情况，我的收入只不过是减少这些钱，那只是总数中的一小部分而已。
I decided to take the plunge, but waited another fortnight before I mailed the letter. I even paused briefly with the letter part way into the mail slot before I thrust the letter into the mailbox. I knew that the simple act of mailing that letter would alter my life.
我决定冒险一试，但我又等了两个星期才把信发出去。甚至在信已经部分插入投信口时，还犹豫了一会儿才把它推进邮筒。我知道寄出这封信的这一简单举动将改变我的生活。
I looked for clues to determine how striking the changes in my daily life would be. How would I spend my time? In spite of having many long yearly vacations when I could pursue other interests, I had not bothered to make an earnest effort to confine my activities to one particular hobby. Would I find life as a retiree boring? What new adventures might await me? Would I use my time to volunteer at a hospital or maybe work for a local charity? Maybe I would apply for membership in a golf league. Maybe I would donate my time and work with the Better Business Bureau. I night decide to enter local politics and run for a position on town council or I could run for the position of Deputy Mayor of my town, or maybe even consider submitting my name to be a candidate in an election for member of parliament. I would need to campaign and then wait to see if people would vote for me on Election Day at the polls.
我在寻找一些线索，以便决定如何就会日常生活的改变。我该如何消磨时光？尽管有了很多一年一次的假期，可以让我追求其他的兴趣爱好，我还是想尽力把我的活动放在追求一个特别的爱好上。我会厌烦退休人员的生活吗？会有什么新的冒险生活在等着我吗？我会利用我的时间在一所医院或者本地的一家慈善机构做自愿服务者吗？也许我会申请成为一个高尔夫球协会的会员。也许我会把时间贡献出来为商业扶助局工作。我可以决定进入本地的政界，竞选市议会议员的位置，或者可以竞选一下本市的副市长，甚至可以考虑让自己成为国会议员选举中的一位候选人。我需要参加竞选活动，然后，等着看是否有人会在选举日到投票处把票投给我。
In spite of the fact that the possibilities all had merit, I had to admit that I only had a superficial interest in pursuing any of them. In fact, I was indifferent to most of the options. Did I think they might interfere with other commitments or mean I would have to cancel other appointments? or was I just too attached to the idea of teaching, feeling that it formed part of my identity?
尽管这些可能的选择都是有益的，我必须承认我对它们之中的任何一个都没有多大兴趣。事实上，我对其中的大多数选择都不动心。是否因为我认为它们可能干扰我决定要做的其他事情，或者意味着我将不得不取消其他的约会呢？还是我对教书的想法太执着，觉得那已经成为我自身的一部分？
I examined my emotions about the new direction my life would take. Would retirement add a new dimension to my life and multiply my feeling of satisfaction or would the world apprehension be more applicable?
我在心里仔细衡量着我的新生活究竟要走向何方。是退休给我的生活带来一种全新的方式，使我倍感称心呢，还是（走出去与人）沟通交流更切实可行？
Did I feel guilty about not being gainfully employed when I was qualified and capable? As a certified teacher, did I feel obligated to work in the field of education? Did I feel entitled to sleep in late each day, or would that bother my conscience? Would I simply grow old gracefully or would feel that ridiculous?
当我够资格有能力但没被高薪聘用时，我会觉得惭愧吗？作为一个有执业资格的教师，我是觉得有义务在教育领域里工作吗？我觉得有资格每天睡懒觉呢，还是那样会使我良心不安？我是这样悠闲地衰老下去呢，还是会觉得那样很可笑？
My instincts told me that although I would feel grateful for my good health, curiosity about other countries and lifestyles would overtake the desire to spend my time with senior citizens, playing board games, such as chess all day. Wouldn’t I rather learn about other cultures and at the same time be an ambassador for my own country?
我本能地告诉我，尽管我觉得身体很健康，应该保持，但对其他国家和其他生活方式的好奇心，超过了希望把时间花在与老人们整天玩像国际象棋这样的棋盘游戏上。难道我不能学习其他文化，同时做一名我自己国家文化的使者吗？
I began to inquire about opportunities and whenever I searched the internet for jobs, I always seemed be drawn like a magnet to the category of teaching. It did not take long before I found that there were countless positions available in many countries. Amid the listings I identified several that were for teaching positions in
我开始寻找机会，每当我搜索互联网寻找工作时，我总是像一块磁石一样被吸引到教学目录上。没过多久，我就发现在许多国家可以得到数不尽的工作。在这些目录表中，我挑选了几个在中国的教书工作。
I decided that I would communicate with some of the people offering these positions. I sent e-mails and made phone calls to several prospective employers. The feedback that I got from most of them was that they expected me to bring all the resources necessary. How could I pack enough in my baggage to provide what was needed? I was inclined to look for a situation where books were provided. I wanted to sign a contract for only one semester but found that most positions were for one or two years. I could sympathize with the amount of paper work needed to arrange for a person to accept one of those positions and realized that it was wiser for people to spend a year or two in one location. I attended seminars by companies trying to recruit teachers. I found several companies that captured my interest.
我决定与提供这些工作的人联系。我给几个有希望雇用我的雇主发电子邮件，打电话。他们中的大部分回答说，他们希望我带上所有必需的资料。我怎样才能在我的行李中装上足够的东西以备所需呢？我倾向于找一个能提供书籍的地方。我只想签一个学期的合同，但发现大多数的职位是一年或二年。我可以理解，要安排一个人担任其中一个职位，要做的工作量相当大，并认识到受聘人员在一个地方呆一年或两年是更明智的。我参加了想招聘老师的公司的讨论会。我发现了几个我感兴趣的公司。
I began to review my options. I asked specific questions about the positions with companies that sincerely interested me. I inquired about how many suitcases I would be allowed to bring and what the living accommodations would be. It was refreshing to realize that there was a big demand for people who could teach English. Several positions seemed superior in their benefits and they sparked my interest even more. I especially wanted to teach students at the secondary or high school level rather than middle school.
我开始核实我的选择。我向真正对我感兴趣的公司问了几个特定的有关职位方面的问题。我询问我可以带多少个手提箱，食宿条件如何。了解到对教英语的人有这么大的需求，真是令人振奋不已。有几个职位在待遇方面好像不错，这更加激发了我的兴趣。我特别想教的是高中而不是初中。
I could hardly believe that I was contemplating dong this at this age of my life. At times I felt that it was a radical idea but I also realized that I had always had the desire to have this kind of experience but circumstances never seemed quite right. Now they were. I decided to proceed.
我几乎不相信在我一生中的这个阶段还希望做这件事。有时，我觉得这是一个过激的想法，但是我也知道我一直有想获得这种经历的欲望，只是环境从来没有这么合适。现在是时候了。我决定坚持下去。
I made an oral agreement with a company. I read their written contracts, clause by clause; to be sure nothing had been omitted from the oral agreement. In spite of wanting the clause about staying two years to be deleted, I signed the legal contract after a few minor changes were made and initialed in the margin.
我与一家公司达成了一个口头协议。然后我一条一条地读了他们的书面合同，确信没有从口头协议中漏掉什么。尽管很想删掉关于工作二年的那一条，但在做了一些较小的变动后，我签署了法律合同并在页边签字。
There were many details to consider. After choosing the company that I wanted to work for, I still had to take a long time look at my circumstances. I decided that I would sell my car, put my personal belongings in storage and rent my house. A lot of time and effort was required to make all the arrangements. I decided to tackle one aspect at a time.
还有很多细节要考虑。在选定了我要去工作的公司后，我还花了很长时间认真地考虑我现在的状况。我决定卖掉我的汽车，把我的个人财产保存好，并把我的房子租出去。做好所有这些安排要花许多时间和精力。我决定一件一件来处理。
The first thing I targeted was to sell my car. As a matter of principle, I felt that the value of the car would depreciate over the time I was out of the country. The sensible strategy was to sell it. Fortunately, my niece wanted to buy the car.
我要做的第一件事是卖掉我的汽车。事实上，我觉得在我出国这段时间里汽车会贬值，明智的办法就是卖掉它。正好，我的侄女想买这辆汽车。
I made a list of things to take with me. I was advised to take auxiliary light. I packed battery-operated flashlights to be used to case of power failure. I included a waterproof jacket in case I needed to walk to school in the rain.
我列出了一个我要带走的物品的清单。有人劝我带上辅助照明设备。我在包里装进了使用电池的手电筒，以备万一停电时使用。我也没忘带上一件防水夹克，以防下雨时需要步行。
I needed to sort my belongings. I had to decide what to save and what to pitch out. For example, I decided I no longer needed my typewriter, as I only used my computer for word processing now, so I decided to give it away.
我需要的把我的财产分类。我必须决定哪些东西保留，哪些东西扔掉。例如，我决定不再需要打字机了，因为现在我只用计算机作文字处理，于是我决定把它赠送给别人。
I made many lists and developed a cold as a way to catalogue my possessions. As I packed items in cardboard boxes, I made a list regarding the contents on the outside of each box. I packed dishes in towels to protect them. Many times I had to undo a box because I forgot to list the contents. When I finally snapped the lid of a box shut, I sealed it with transparent tape and checked to be sure that it would not loosen. I also included another tag, which gave each box a number because all cardboard boxes look identical. I was careful not to abbreviate the names of items in the lists lest that would mislead me as to the contents. I continued with this method, which also created an index of items. It seemed the rational way to coordinate and organize things. I remarked many times during this phase of my preparations that I had not realized I had so much gear.
我做了许多目录，还作了编码，作为对我的东西进行分类的一个办法。当我把这些物品装入纸板箱时，在每个箱子的外面，我再作一个所装物品的目录。我用毛巾把盘子包起来保护它们不会破碎。有很多次，我因为忘记列出所装的东西而不得不再次把箱子打开。当我在最后啪嗒一声关上箱子盖子的时候，我就用透明胶带把它封好，并进行检查，确信它不会松动。我还准备了另一个标签，为每个箱子编一个数字，因为所有的纸板箱看上去是一样的。我很小心，不在目录中缩写每一件的名字以免使我认错里面的东西。我继续使用这个方法，还编制了一个物品索引。看来这是一个组织协调的合理方法。在准备期间，我多次感叹，我怎么会有这么多杂物。
At times I had to laugh at myself. My activities seemed like they would make a good script for a comedy. Maybe I should write a play about what I was doing and copyright it. It certainly would be good for a few scenes on a soap opera.
有时，我不得不自我解嘲。我的活动好像可以作为一出喜剧的好素材。也许我应该把我正在做的事情写成一个剧本并取得版权，作为一出肥皂剧里面的几幕肯定是不错的。
On the spur of the moment I decided to loan my sofa and my rug to my niece who was moving to a larger home. That would mean a few less things to put into storage.
我不假思索地就决定把我的沙发和我的小地毯借给我的侄女，她就要搬到一个较大的家了。这意味着可以少储藏几件东西了。
I fulfilled my obligation to provide proof of good health. I had a chest x-ray taken. I had a complete physical examination. I had dental check up. Because my health reports all indicated I was in excellent health, all of the health care professionals I visited encouraged me to pursue my adventure.
我履行了提供身体健康证明的义务。我作了X光胸透，还作了一个全面的体检，并且检查了牙齿。因为所有的健康报告都表明我身体很好，我拜访过的那些保健专家都鼓励我去从事我的冒险活动。
I renewed my passport, my proof of identity as a Canadian citizen. I knew that once I arrived in
我延长了护照的期限，那是确认我是一个加拿大公民的证明。一旦抵达中国，我还要在加拿大使馆登记。
My family’s reaction when I told them about my plans was as expected. Although they sanctioned my idea and supported me the endeavor, they were sad to think that I would be half way across the world for such a long time. The frown on my grandson’s face told me that the situation would be especially difficult for him and that he might feel neglected by me.
当我把我的计划告诉我的家人时，他们的反应和我预料的一样。虽然他们同意我的想法而且尽力支持我，但想到我要横跨半个世界，离开如此长的时间，他们还是有点难过。我孙子眉头紧锁的表情告诉我，他尤其难过，他可能觉得我忽视了他。
Although I could scarcely argue with the comments of my family about their feelings, for their sake I talked about the time away from home as if it was just a few short days. I would be back home before they knew it. They suggested that I come back after one year for the summer and then return for the second year. I agreed to this plan.
对于我家人的担心，虽然我不用就他们的意见进行解释，但为了让他们放心，我说这次离家的时间就好像只是短短几天罢了，不知不觉我就回家了。他们提议我在一年之后回来过夏天，然后再返回去继续第二年的工作。我同意了这个计划。
Five years ago, would I have thought that this was in the realm of possibility? I doubt that I would have. But here I am in
在五年前，我会想到这是可能的吗？我想我不会。但是，现在我就在另，已经是在这个正以惊人的速度前进的文明国度里的第二年了。我可以真诚地说，对于在中国教书的决定，我从不曾后悔过。我还得承认，我从学生们那里学到的东西，远多于他们从我这里学到的。我钦佩他们对知识的渴望，他们含金量在挑战之中成长。他们从不设法走捷径，总是刻苦学习，付出最大的努力。他们对他们的英语老师对中国习俗缺乏了解的宽容，值得赞赏。他们总是以肯定的态度待我，并且尽可能给我帮助。有时，他们要坚持为我做我能够做的事。满足他们要帮忙的愿望已经变成一个习惯了。有一个学生很特别，总是干帮我提包的事，说他很高兴当我的搬运工。
When I started to plan this adventure I had only a vague idea of what the country of china would be like. I could recognize their flag but was not even familiar with their national anthem. My comprehension of the customs of the country was very limited I felt almost ashamed at how little I knew. I did not know if they used the metric or the imperial system of measurement. Would I buy fluids such as milk and soda in quarts or liters? Would I need to learn the Chinese word for gram or for inch? Indeed I had never heard the word jin before.
当我开始计划这次冒险时，对于中国到底是个什么样子，我只有一个模糊的概念。我可以认出他们的国旗，但还不熟悉他们的国歌。我对这个国家的习俗的了解也非常有限。 我觉得惭愧得很，我知道得太少了。我不知道他们是用公制还是英制单位。我要按夸脱还是按升去买牛奶和苏打等液体商品？我需要学习表示“克”或“英寸”的中国字吗？的确，我以前从未听到过“斤”这个字。
I knew little about the food I would be eating. Would dairy products such as skim milk and cheese and yoghurt be available? Would I eat only rice and noodles or would the variety of foods be endless? May be I would be enjoying a rack of lean pork ribs as a delicious treat.
对于我将要吃的食品，我知道得很少。可以买到像脱脂牛奶、乳酪和酸酪这样的奶制品吗？我只能吃米饭和面条，还是有各种各样的食品？也许我能享受到作为美味款待的烤瘦肉猪排。
I was unaware that there were so many dialects in the Chinese language. I had no idea how I would communicate but when I arrived in china, I soon found myself having a limited dialogue with Chinese people. They would try to speak a few words of English and I would attempt a few words in Chinese. However, I resorted to sign language more than words.
我不知道汉语有这么多方言。我一点儿不知道如何进行交流，但是当我抵达中国后，很快发现我自己可以和中国人进行有限的对话。他们常常试着说几句英语，而我就尝试几句汉语。不过，我借助手势语的时候超过口语。
How much I have learned! It has been a wonderful, rewarding experience and the one comment that comes to my mind is “I wouldn’t have missed it for the world!”
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之七
圣诞节的历史A History of Christmas
Christmas is the most cheerful and holy of holidays in the Christian world, which boasts of an estimated 1.8 billion people. Although the origin of this holiday was purely religious, it has evolved into a highly secular celebration each year. However, strong religious components are still conveyed in various ways each year. The two are intrinsically mixed in the midst of modern commercialism and attached to.
圣诞节是号称有大约18亿教徒里的基督教世界里最愉快、最神圣的节日。尽管这个节日的起因纯粹是宗教性的，但它已演变成了每年的非常世俗化的庆祝活动。不守，纯粹宗教性的部分每年还是在以各种方式进行着。二者在现代重商主义中，很自然地融合在一起。
Christmas day fall on December 25th each year, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ, the son of a carpenter living over two thousand years ago. Christianity, the movement following the teachings of Christ, roused the world over the next many centuries. It is said that the first celebration of Christmas took place in
圣诞节时值每年的
Many secular symbols of Christmas have emerged over several centuries. Santa Claus, in his present form, is a fairly recent development whereas his origin, in part, goes back to Roman times.
圣诞节的很多世俗象征已经出现好几个世纪了。现在这种形象的圣诞老人，可以说是最近才出现的。然而，他的起源却可以部分追溯到古罗马时代。
St. Nicholas was an early Christian Bishop of Patara of the Lycian seaport (in present-day
圣•尼古拉斯是公元4世纪时利西亚海港的帕塔拉(在现今的土耳其)的一个早期的基督教主教。迫害基督教徒的罗马皇帝戴克里以非法宣扬基督教的罪名把他关进了监狱。后来，罗马的第一位信仰基督教的皇帝康士坦丁释放了他。尼古拉斯的慷慨、仁慈和圣迹为他赢得了广泛的声誉，最终被尊为圣徒。据说，他恢复了被他们那屠夫父亲砍成碎片的孩子们的生命。还说他在三个可怜女孩挂起来用火烘烤的长袜子里放了一些金币，希望这些女孩能用这些钱结婚，以免沦为妓女，而在那个时代，这种女孩的命运大多就是这样。在圣诞节，把特大号的空长袜挂在壁炉上面让圣诞老人放一些小礼物的传统，就来自这个故事。根据这些传说，现代的圣诞老人的形象似乎显现出来。
In some European countries, the image of Father Christmas is identified more closely with Saint Nicholas than with Santa Claus. The red and white suit, that Santa wears, is said to have come from the traditional color of early Christian Bishops’ robes. Santa, flying in a sleigh pulled by reindeer, and going down chimneys, originated from an American poem written in the
在一些欧洲国家，圣诞老人的形象更多的是与圣•尼古拉斯联系在一起，而不是与Santa Claus联系在一起。圣诞老人穿的红白相间的服装，据说是来自早期基督教主教的长袍的传统颜色。在驯鹿拉的雪橇上飞翔、从烟囱里下来的圣诞老人，源自19世纪20年代克莱门特•摩尔写的一首美国诗“圣诞节的前夜”。19世纪60年代，另一个美国人制作了一幅版画，叫做“圣诞老人的作坊”，上面的圣诞老人被描绘成在美丽的落日余晖下，挠着下巴，读着信，检查一份清单(每年在圣诞节以音乐和故事的形式反复告诉孩子们的各种活动都列在这份清单上)。每年，孩子们在圣诞节之前给圣诞老人写信，请他带来他们最喜欢的玩具。
Santa traditionally navigates the frosty night skies December 24th without using a compass or a chart to plot his course. He, in his sleigh pulled by nine reindeer, usually lands on slippery sloped roofs. Clumsily, with his big bag heaped with toys and slung over his shoulder, he jumps down chimney and dumps toys under Christmas trees. Gifts often include a doll for a little girl or a train for a little boy. He does all of this without disturbing the inhabitants. Santa then crawls vertically back up the chimneys and, without a trace, flies off, exclaiming the resounding phrase, “Merry Christmas to all, good night”. He is back at his home at the North Pole before dawn on Christmas morning, tired but very happy after his very speedy sweep around the world. After a big yawn, Santa falls asleep.
根据传说，圣诞老人在
Christmas carols, or Christmas religious songs, began in the middle Ages when people danced and sang religious songs on village greens (central gathering areas in small towns and villages) in Anglo-Saxon England. A Christmas carol today is a religious tune without the dance associated with it.
圣诞节颂歌，也叫基督教宗教歌曲，始于中世纪时期。那时，在盎格鲁撒克逊人的英格兰，人们在乡村草地上（小镇或村庄的聚集中心）跳舞，唱宗教歌曲。今天的圣诞节颂歌只是一道宗教曲子，没有与之相配合的舞蹈。
A strong religious tradition today, as in other times, is to go to church at midnight of Christmas Eve or on Christmas morning. A priest may say mass (in a Catholic Church) or preach a sermon about the significance of the birth of Christ.
今天的一项强烈的宗教传统，像其他时期一样，是在圣诞节前夕午夜或圣诞节早晨去教堂做礼拜。牧师可能作弥撒（在天主教堂）或者布道宣讲救世主诞生的重要性。
Another very prominent symbol of Christmas is the Christmas tree. There are several explanations for its origin. One story suggests that Martin Luther was walking through a wood on a clear winter night admiring the beauty of the bright stars glowing through the branches of trees. He decided to cut down a small evergreen tree and take it home. He put candles in it to represent the stars he had seen earlier because he wanted to share that beautiful image with his family.
圣诞节另一个显著的象征是圣诞树。关于它的起源有好几种说法。有一个故事说，在一个清冷的冬季夜晚，马丁路德走过一个树林，十分惊羡明亮的星光洒过树枝的美丽。他决定砍下一棵常青树带回家。他在树上放上蜡烛代替他看到过的星星，因为他想与家人一起分享那美丽的景色。
Another story tells of the bringing of an evergreen tree inside the home during winter solstice (December 21st) symbolizing the renewal of life in the dead of winter. It became associated with Christmas, which occurs only four days later. The Christmas tree was firmly established as a Christmas symbol by the Germans who eventually brought it to
另一个故事讲的是，在冬至(
The first Christmas cards were sent in the
第一批圣诞贺卡是19世纪40年代在英格兰和美国寄出的。赠送礼物可能源于《圣经》，里面写到，耶稣诞生时三个国王带着礼物从东方来访问伯利恒。我们知道圣•尼古拉斯也送礼物。后来发展起来的传统是在圣诞节的12天里，从声称耶稣诞生的
We understand that Macy’s Department Store in
我们知道，每年的圣诞节或圣诞老人是在19世纪80年代，由纽约市的梅西百货公司引入的。如今，在11月底或12月初，圣诞节几乎在欧美的每个城镇举行。
Early on the night before Christmas (Christmas Eve), children are encouraged to go to bed early if they expect Santa to come. They lay their heads on their pillows with visions of what the next day will bring. Santa is invisible to children since no one has actually seen him, his sleigh, or reindeer on Christmas Eve.
圣诞节前的晚上(圣诞节前夕)，孩子们被鼓励说，如果他们希望圣诞老人来的话，就要早些上床睡觉。他们把头放到枕头上时，就在幻想第二天会带来什么东西。在圣诞节前夕，孩子们是看不见圣诞老人的，因为实际上没有人看见过他、他的雪橇以及他的驯鹿。
On Christmas Day, families usually get together for a roast goose or turkey dinner served with mashed potatoes, gravy, cranberry sauce, and pie or pudding for dessert. Grown-ups will pour a glass or two of wine or other spirits. Together, families will openly exchange gifts and gratitude. Children, including cousins, nieces and nephews, often kneel on the floor in front of the tree, excitedly trying to find presents with their names on them. On that day, warm receptions are extended to everyone, friend or stranger.
在圣诞节，一家人通常聚在一起吃烤鹅或者烤火鸡，还有土豆泥、肉汤、酸果沙司和作为餐末甜点的馅饼或布丁。大众们会倒上一、两杯葡萄酒或其他烈酒。聚到一起时，家人们公开地交换礼物和表达感谢之情。孩子们，包括堂、表兄弟姐妹，侄儿、侄女，外甥、外甥女，常常跪在树前的地板上，兴奋地寻找上面定有他们名字的礼物。那天每一个人都会受到热情接待，不管是朋友还是陌生人。
For many merchants, Christmas has become the economic boom season of the year. It is estimated that a major percentage of the annual yield of revenue from sales is generated during the month or more of intense Christmas shopping before Christmas. As a matter of fact, there has been some debate for years that Christmas has become too commercialized and that the true meaning of Christmas is gradually disappearing. An escalating tendency has been to buy more and more expensive gifts each year. Some people go into debt, sometimes owing more than they can easily pay back. Some people are personally beginning to rethink this commercial approach to Christmas. However, toy manufacturers and their contemporaries in advertising make a killing during this period. Christmas shopping hits a peak on Boxing Day, the day after Christmas, when stores offer great discounts to unload the unsold Christmas merchandise. This is usually the busiest shopping day of the year.
对于很多商人来说，圣诞节成了一年中生意电繁荣的时节。据估计，全年销售收入的很大一部分，来自在圣诞节前圣诞大采购的一个多月里。实际上，已经争论多年的话题是，圣诞节太商业化了，而其真正意义在逐渐消失。一个日益明显的倾向是每年要买越来越多的贵重礼物。有些人已经私下开始反思这种圣诞节的商业行为了。玩具制造商及其广告业的同伙们，在这个期间大大地赚了一笔。圣诞采购在圣诞节后的一天即节礼日达到高峰，这个时候商店大打折扣，倾销没有卖完的圣诞商品。通常，这是一年中最忙的采购日。
Christmas has spread far and wide across the globe. My wife and I lived in
圣诞节在全球广泛传播开来。去年，我和妻子住在北京时，在圣诞节期间，我们在百货商店里看到了很多圣诞节装饰品，听到了许多西方圣诞音乐。与加拿大多伦多几乎没什么区别。除了不是和我们的家人在一起，我们就像是在加拿大一样，庆祝了圣诞节。在我们家乡，这个季节是一个特别适合全家一起过的节日。我们对过去的圣诞节还有很深刻的印象，也盼望将来有更多值得回忆的圣诞节。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之八
相知相识A time to say hello
The year began softly. The weather in
这一年悄然开始了。在中国的南方，气候温暖宜人，学生们热情有加。来年中那些意想不到的事情开始展现出来，很快，又会变成清纯美好的回忆。应当把握真情，不言放弃。那是一年的惊喜，一年的爱意。对此，汉语里有个说法叫做“缘分”。西方人可能只会问为什么，怎么了。要是你愿意的话，那么就请与我一起来分享这段经历吧。
He sat at the front of the classroom looking anxious but attentive. In those first few days, his eyes bright with anticipation sought approval from me, his teacher. He claims now that he understood very little content in the lessons of the first few weeks. However, he successfully managed to give the appropriate illusion of understanding well. He made me laugh and his peering was also delighted in his sense of humor. He dressed with attention to detail, and his neat appearance, whether in jeans or current fashion, was distinct, a cool guy! There was always something enchanting in his smile, he was charming and handsome and he knew it! Moreover, he was a gentleman. His eyes revealed so much when they crinkled with laughter, the mask removed, or conversely remained inscrutable like still pools of liquid chocolate, containing only a hint of belief.
他坐在教室的前面，看起来有些焦急忧虑，但很专心。最初的那几天，他那明亮的眼睛里，充满了得到我这个老师认同的渴望。现在，他承认，对于头几个星期的课程，他几乎没听懂。然而，他却设法装成了理解得差不多的样子。我禁不住感到好笑，他那很有幽默感的凝视也显露出高兴的样子。他的穿着很注意细节，外表整洁，不管是牛仔裤还是时装都别具一格，简直酷极了。他的微笑总是那么迷人。他英俊潇洒，讨人喜欢，他自己也深知这一点。而且，他也是绅士。他有时眯着眼笑的时候，就抛掉了所有的掩饰，有时又故作神秘，像一杯平静的热巧克力，叫价难以捉摸。不管怎样，他的眼睛都流露出他的绅士风范。
His first writing assignment revealed the fact that he liked me and that he hoped we could be friends, “very good friends”. At that time neither of us suspected just how true that prophecy would eventually become. Inwardly, I just laughed. This was the first of several laughs that showed how little I understood. His presence permeated my classroom and my world.
他第一次写作业，就表露出他喜欢我，并希望我们成为朋友，“非常好的朋友”。那时，我们都没想到这个预言最终会变成现实。我只在心里笑了笑。那是表露我毫不知情的几次笑声中的第一次。从此，他出现在我的课堂和我的生活里。
About a month later our lives began to intertwine and the delicately woven pattern of our lives began to become more intricate in the coming year. Relationships occur on many levels. Layer upon layer must separate in order for us to speak of inner feelings. It is up to the individual to analyze the variety of feelings at each level.
大约一个月后，我们的交往变得密切起来。这种精心培植的生活模式，在新的一年中变得更加微妙。关系涉及到诸多层次，只有把各个层次分开，我们才能说出内心感受。我们必须按各自的观点去分析在每个层次的不同感受。
As time passed, we shared our viewpoints and feelings through conversation while chatting over tea and coffee, arousing the emotion deep in our hearts.
随着时间的流逝，我们快乐地在一起交谈，一边品茶、饮咖啡，一边聊天，述说自己的观点和感受，在我们内心深处涌动着热烈的情谊。
One day flowed smoothly into another. Familiar experience for me proved to be exciting and stimulating for him. Western festival celebrations like Halloween, Christmas and Valentine’s Day provided an avenue to celebrate together, to share warmth and good times. Traveling to new places introduce me to an enticing new world.
不知不觉中，日子一天一天地过去了。我所熟悉的那些感觉竟然也使他兴奋、激动。像万圣节前夕、圣诞节和情人节这些西方的喜庆节日，为我们提供了在一起庆祝的机会，共享温馨美好的时光。我们还到一些新的地方旅游，把我带入一个迷人的新世界。
Every day there was laughter and underlying cares that carried both of us along to some degree of happiness. We learned together English and learned about life that year. Strangely the gap in our ages did not create any barrier for our friendship, he young and vital, and I was feeling young again.
每天的笑声和深情的关怀，使我们总是生活在幸福之中。这一年，我们一起学习英语，也学习如何生活。很奇怪，我们的年龄代沟没有给我们的友谊带来一点障碍。他年轻，充满活力。我也感觉自己年轻了。
He offered his assistance, whenever I needed it. He offered his company for comfort, when death visited my door. What did he drive from this agenda, but a few paltry words in a foreign language? May be it was all worthwhile, maybe it will open a window wide and provide a pass port to a new world for his future.
无论我何时需要，他都能提供帮助。当死神光顾我的时候，他陪伴我，给我安慰。从这些事情中，他得到了什么呢？仅仅为了几个微不足道的外语单词？也许那就足够了，或许会为他的将来打开一扇窗户，为他提供一种通往一个新世界的手段。
Time continues to slip by as a rushing river. You no longer inhabit my daily world, only my memory. From a distance your voice informs me that you are continuing to learn, you are growing. Some days you are happy, others not quite so much.
时间像奔流的江水，不停地逝去。你不再出现在我每天的世界里，只留在了我的记忆中。 从你远方传来的声音里，我知道了你在继续学习，不断成长，有时快乐，有时也并不如意。
However, here around me, there is nothing and yet there is everything. My mind remains idle, with only fragments of images drifting in and out. I can no longer be absolutely certain whether this was only a dream.
然而现在，我身边空无一物，只有一个梦幻般的身影从你的窗户里翩然而至，还有那每当我站在你的新课桌旁时那熟悉的气息。一无所有，但又拥有一切。我头脑空空如也，进进出出的都是那些映像的片断。我再也无法肯定这是否只是一场梦幻。
We no longer occupy the same space, but I remind myself that we still occupy the same world. When we chance to meet, hands reach out; hearts embrace, and once again confirm the same magic feeling. Such friendships come rarely in a lifetime. Thereby, I feel blessed and lucky.
我们不再拥有同一片空间，但我清楚，我们依然拥有同一个世界。倘若还有机会相遇，我们会伸出双手，真心拥抱，再次重温这奇妙的感觉。真诚友谊，终生难求。对此，我觉得很幸福，很幸运。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之九
谋杀端倪A preface to murder
Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction. Sometimes life deals a bad hand. Sometimes it is hard to go on. Sometimes evil triumphs over good.
有时， 事实比小说还离奇。生活有时候使人无助，有时又让人难以为继。有时，邪恶还战胜了正义。
南希深深地叹了口气，从抽屉里取出女儿的日记。她身体前倾，仔细地看着那熟悉的笔迹。一张彩色素描明信片从杯子里掉落下来。画面上是一个热带岛屿上一处蜿蜒的沙滩美景。自然，那就是蒙特塞拉特岛。在她屈膝去拣明信片时，她感到手脚有些不听使唤了。她决不会饶恕或忘记那些残害她美丽的梅根的凶手。一想到一年前发生的不幸，南希就禁不住感到痛苦。她抓起一张面巾纸，擦去眼中的泪水。女儿被害后的这一年中，她不知道流了多少眼泪。南希知道自己患上了心理障碍，她确实变得对日常生活中的事情漠不关心了。她身体开始颤抖，接着抽泣起来。这该死的噩梦何时才会一个答案呢？
Megan had attended secondary school at a private girls’ school five hundred kilometers from home. In junior school she had been a straight A student. Now in high school she continued to study hard, play sports, join the school orchestra, plus a variety of school clubs. As a joke, her friends labeled her a genius, often just to make her angry. As well as being a high academic achiever she had a great capacity for fun. She thrived on an active social life. Slender, pretty and vivacious, she was the apple of her parents’ eye.
梅根在离家
Every year in accordance with school policy, a student candidate was chosen to travel and live in another commonwealth country for six months. As Megan had an interest in a diplomatic career after completing university, she figure she would be considered a prime applicant if she applied for the position. A detailed essay was necessary to provide the committee with a clear idea of her intention. The selection committee would spend a fortnight reviewing the applications in an attempt to identify the ideal student. Megan also needed to undergo a rigorous personal interview, which would validate her academic background and evaluate her general behavior.
按照学校的规定，每年要挑选一名学生到另一个英联邦国家去旅行和生活六个月。因为梅根的计划是在读完她上的大学后从事外交工作，她认为如果提出申请，自己将是被考虑的一个主要人选。这需要向委员会提交一篇文章，明确阐明她的意图。选拔委员会要花两个星期对申请人进行评定，以确定人选。梅根还要接受严格的单独面试，以验证她的学业水平并评估她的综合素质。
The interview preceded well, Megan taking the initiative to underline her strengths. After school some of her friends gathered for coffee in the café near the school. They confessed to Megan that they were rather envious of the opportunity she might have to live in another country. They enquired about the details of the interview. Two weeks later Megan received a phone call notifying her of the successful results of the interview.
面试进行得很顺利，梅根积极主动地展示了她的实力。放学后，她与一些朋友聚在学校附近的咖啡馆一块喝咖啡。她们对梅根很坦承对她要在另一个国家生活相当嫉妒。她们还询问了面试的细节。两个星期后，梅根接到电话，通知她成功地通过了面试。
Her parents were slightly nervous experiencing some negative feelings about Megan leaving the safety of home to live in another country. They knew the experience would broaden her horizons however, her destination,
对于梅根要离开安全的家到另一个国家去生活，她的父母略感不安，有一些不祥的感觉。不过，他们知道，这次经历将会拓宽她的视野。她的目的地蒙特塞拉特，去年发生了一次巨大的火山爆发，使人民的生活陷于混乱之中。局势动荡、无家可归和对火山再次爆发的恐惧都在困扰这个岛国的穷人。她父母担心梅根的安全。
Departure day dawned clear and bright. Farewells were made to family and friends and she was off for the adventure of a lifetime.
出发的那天清早，天气晴朗。在与家人和朋友们告别后，她踏上了她的冒险旅途。
Megan’s arrival on
梅根到蒙特塞拉特后受到欢迎，最初也平安无事。她要在岛上住六个月的那个家庭，让她觉得就像在自己家一样。岛上的生活节奏比在家里更轻松，她感到很高兴。她的新同学们接纳了她，把她当作他们当中的一员，她很快便适应了。能够在温暖的海水里畅游，在生长于温和气候带、摇曳的棕榈树下闲坐，与寒冷的北方冬天相比，这种改变令人心旷神怡。
One Saturday evening a gang of kids piled into a taxi, heading off for a barbecue on the beach. Some of the girls decided to walk along the beach. Megan joined them, lagging slightly behind. She knew she ought to hurry to catch up but the moist sand felt good under her feet. Water lapped at her toes; the tide was coming in. the violet light of dusk began to darken the sky.
一个星期六的晚上，一帮孩子们挤进一辆出租车，前往海滩吃烧烤野餐。几个女孩子决定沿海滩漫步。梅根也加入进来，跟在后面慢慢地走着。她知道她应该快一点赶上她们，但脚下湿润的沙子让她觉得很舒适。潮水涌来，海水拍打着她的脚趾。紫罗兰色的黄昏降临，天空开始暗下来。
In the growing darkness a van pulled alongside her,stopping with a squeal of brakes.Before she kewn what was happening two masked men leapt out of the car and began to chase her,grabbing her and finally throwing her to the ground.The gross attack that followed was brutal and unexplainable.Initially Megan tried to fight off her attackers by clawing at their faces with her nails.Using a coil of rope to bind her hands,the men were free to proceed.First a fist broke her upper jaw leaving her unconscions.Then the hoodlums used a metal rod to crush Megan's skull and finally a knife blade penetrated her neck piercing an artery.After the crude act was completed her body was bundled into the back of a cab and discarded in a ditch in an isolated district far from the beach.
在越来越暗的夜色里，一辆货车向她身边驶来，在尖锐的刹车声中突然停下。没等她明白过来是怎么回事，两个戴面罩的男人从车上跳出来追上她，抓住她，最后把她摔倒在地。接下来就是不分青红皂白的粗暴殴打。起初，梅根设法反抗袭击者，用指甲抓他们的脸。可他们用一卷绳子绑住她的双手后，他们开始为所欲为。他们先是一拳打破她的上颌，使她昏了过去。然后，这帮流氓用一根金属棒敲碎了梅根的颅骨，最后用刀片扎进她的脖子，刺穿了动脉。暴行结束后，他们把她的尸体捆起来，放到车子后面，再丢弃在远离沙滩的一个偏僻小区的沟里。
Realizing that Megan had disappeared, her friends dialed an emergency number, notifying the authorities of the situation. Once Megan’s body was discovered, a warrant was issued for the immediate arrest of the two wanted men. Megan’s parents were notified by the embassy. They in turn retained legal counsel and an intense inquiry began into the case. Those officials with an intimate knowledge of the island felt that the mugging was a case of mistaken identification and a complete misunderstanding, a misguided outlet for mounting frustrations on the island.
得知梅根失踪后，她的朋友们拨打了紧急电话，把情况报告给当局。梅根的尸体被发现后，马上发出了立即捉拿那两名凶犯的通缉令。大使馆通知了梅根的父母。他们聘请了法律顾问，并开始紧张地调查此案。非常熟悉这个岛屿的那些官员们认为，这次行凶是一起认错对象的事件，完全是一个误会，罪犯被带错路后错误地登上了这个岛。
Megan’s parents, Nancy and Don, cancelled all their immediate plans and flew to the island. Rather than wait for the small island ship to transport them to the island they were flown in by helicopter. After hiring a lawyer as an advocate for their cause, they began to work with the local police tracking down any angle of the case that would bring these creeps first to court and then to trial before a jury, who in turn would convict them to lengthy jail sentences. As the days slipped by without any answers, they experienced severe emotional fatigue and life became a living hell.
梅根的父母，南希和唐，取消了他们当时所有的计划，飞往该岛。他们来不及乘坐送他们到岛上去的岛内小船，改乘直升机飞过去。在请了一名律师作为该诉讼案的辩护律师后，他们开始与当地的警察一起工作，收集与此案有关的各种证据，要把那些家伙送上法庭，交陪审团进行审判，判定他们有罪并予以长期监禁。但时间一天天过去，没有任何结果。他们感到身心憔悴，仿佛生活在人间地狱。
The investigation seemed to lag at first, but they were reluctant to interfere. The initial reports from this mess were inconclusive; many of the details not being addressed. As paying clients they lodged a complaint with the Governor of the island. After several months passed, the authorities had a frank discussion with Megan’s parents stating that as each day passed they were less and less liable to solve the murder. They cited other examples of unsolved cases and encouraged
调查工作一开始就有些拖沓，但他们不愿意去干预。在这种混乱状况下，最初的报告没有什么结论，很多细节都没有提到。作为付过费用的委托人，他们向该岛总督提出申述。几个月过去后，当局在与梅根父母的一次坦率谈话中明确表示，随着时间一天天过去，查明这宗凶案的希望越来越小。他们还举出其他没有解决的案例作为佐证，劝南希和唐回家。在气恼和失望之余，南希和唐明白目前在这里他们已经无能为力了。
Once at home again,
回到家中后，南希不再参加社交活动，而是独自一人消磨时光。这些天，要是你出去走走，经常会看到唐正在当地的一个酒吧喝着一、两杯啤酒。一年下来，他也忍受不了使家庭支离破碎的这一系列不幸事件的折磨。只要一想起梅根，他就喉咙哽咽，天旋地转。
As time passed, it was becoming more and more evident that the stack of paperwork pertaining to his daughter’s case was not going to provide any answers immediately, if ever. Tips provided by the public proved to lead nowhere. The records will remain open until the case is solved, however for the moment the natural rhythm of life has been destroyed. Can a family withstand such a tragedy? Only time will tell.
随着时间的过去，越来越清楚地表明，有关她女儿案件的那堆文件不会马上给出什么答案，也许永远也不会了。公众提供的线索也得不出什么结果。诉状还会保留，直到破案为止。然而，现在正常的生活节奏被破坏了。一个家庭能够承受得了这样的悲剧吗？只有时间才能回答。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之十
加拿大建国Canada Becomes a Nation
Before Canada became a nation in 1867, the area of North America that now composes Canada was a large expanse of widely scattered communities of British and French origins. It was an area with diverse landscapes that physically divided them from the north of the
在1867年加拿大成为一个国家之前，组成现在的加拿大的北美地区，辽阔宽广，到处是分散的英国人和法国人的移民社区。这片土地景色多变，很自然观地将其与美国的北方分辨开来。这些社区之间很少有政治或经济上的联系。传统上，这些英属的北美殖民地与英国和美国进行贸易，而相互之间却少有往来。这些殖民地甚至还没有关税，在一定程度上限制贸易往来。19世纪中期发生的几件重大事件，使情况有了变化。
英国撕毁了给好几代殖民地人带来经济利益的谷物法和航行法案，并开始对殖民地课以与其他所有贸易国家同样高的税率，这是殖民地从未遇到过的情况。
From 1861to 1864, Americans were involved in a major civil war.
1861到1864年，美国陷入全面内战。过去是美国南方为英国市场提供棉花，英国与之有着紧密的传统经济联系。在此期间，由于这实际上是一场南北方之间的战争，北方当然不满英国与南方之间的这种传统关系。此外，在美国内战的最后一年(1864年)，占据优势并最终获胜的北方的美国政府，拒绝延续与联合加拿大——英属北美中部最大的英国殖民地——签订的十年自由贸易协议。这些独断专横的事件带给这些殖民地的是担忧甚至是恐惧。传统贸易协议的废除和以北方作为胜利者的内战的结束，使殖民者们害怕美国人可能会转而对付英属殖民地，以报复英国对南方的道义支持。
The need for new markets, and a solid defense system from potential invasion by the
对新市场的需求，以及为了建立对付美国潜在入侵的可靠防御系统，使这些松散的殖民地清醒地认识到，它们应该共同寻求解决这些问题的办法。它们急于设法处理这些难题。联合加拿大的约翰•A•麦克
In the summer of 1864, the maritime colonies of
1864年夏，新斯科舍的沿海殖民地，爱德华太子岛和纽芬兰计划召开会议讨论建立关税联盟或自由贸易区的可能性，以弥补最近在与英国和美国贸易关系上遭到的损失。麦克唐纳设法得到许可让联合加拿大的一些代表作为观察员出席。多年来，联合加拿大都面临着政治僵局的难题。加拿大西部以说英语为主，而东部则以说法语为主。1841年成立的中央政府，则要求一切法案成为法律之前，要得到加拿大西部和加拿大东部的多数同意。在两种对立观点争论不休，法律草案一再被否决的情况下，要通过重要的法案非常困难。加拿大人认识到一个更为广泛的新型的联盟，一种可能的新型国家制度或中央政府，可以作为避免这种时常发生的政治混乱的一个可行的解决办法。
The Canadian delegates sailed on board a cruise ship down the St. Lawrence River, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to
加拿大的代表们乘坐一艘游船沿劳伦斯河航行到劳伦斯湾，抵达爱德华太子岛的夏洛特敦。在那里，大会广泛讨论了联合所有英属殖民地建立一个国家的可能性。
After much complicated debate at another convention in
同年，在魁北克城的另一次会议上，经过错综复杂的讨论后，代表们提交了一份建立加拿大国家的协议草案。大部分工作是由一些那时德高望重的人完成的，他们成为历史上有名的“联邦国父”。联合加拿大被划分为安大略省和魁北克省。一些特权给了魁北克，因为它与其他省不同，是一个以说法语为主的天主教省，有其特殊需要。新斯科舍和新布伦斯威克。这四个省形成了新国家的雏形。在以后的岁月里，他们以灵活的方式说服了其他殖民地加入了这个国家。
A federal system, with powers distributed between the central and provincial governments, was created. The provinces were assigned powers to have their own governments to deal with more local or provincial issues, the federal system would promote harmony among provinces, with different perspectives on nationhood. This was a compromise, so that the bigger provinces of
一种在中央和省政府之间分享权力的联邦体制创建起来了。各省被赋予权力，拥有自己的政府以处理更多的地方事务。这种联邦体制可望促进各省之间彼此协调，尽管它们站在本民族立场上有不同的观点。这是一种折衷的办法，致使较大的安大略省和魁北克省不能完全支配较小的省。这个国家被称为加拿大自治领，但仍然是大英帝国的一个成员，效忠英国。
The new legislation that created
使加拿大成为一个国家的新法案是一项叫做“1867年英属北美法案”的英国国会法案。
The development of the country, as we know it today, was an evolutionary process over more than eight decades.
正如我们今天所知道的那样，这个国家在80多年里不断发展演进。在几次涉及联邦政府和梅蒂斯人的有争议的事件之后，马尼托巴成为加拿大的一个省。梅蒂斯人是美洲印第安女孩与法国毛皮贸易商的后裔，讲法语。这个族群定居在加里要塞附近的温尼伯城，即今马尼托巴。
John A. Macdonald, the new and first Prime Minister of the new nation, made a deal with the western-most colony in
约翰•A•麦克唐纳，这个新兴国家的第一任总理，与温哥华的最西边的殖民地达成协议，保证说如果该殖民地加入加拿大联邦，他将建一条从西到东的铁路。梅蒂斯人的地产——他们认为是合法拥有的——正好在这条新铁路线上。联邦政府完全剥夺了他们的土地。梅蒂斯人被迫向西，但并非没有抵抗。(梅蒂斯人不可避免地要与联邦政府进行抗争。他们的对联邦政府的两次反叛考验了联邦政府的权威和说法语与说英语的加拿大之间的关系。)在两次冲突中，联邦政府都成功以失败了梅蒂斯人。1885年，梅蒂斯人的领袖路易斯•瑞尔，因带头试图反抗联邦政府以叛国的罪名被绞死。他成为说法语的加拿大人的死难者。他的遇难对说法语和说英语的加拿大之间日益激化的纠纷无疑是火上浇油。
Throughout this whole period, 1869 to 1885, the federal (or central) government ignored the appeals of the Métis. It appeared that, according to Macdonald and his followers, the creation of the new nation was more important than relieving the plight of a relatively small minority group. The Métis probably deserved much better of the federal government. Different versions of these events are still debated in Canadian classrooms today.
在整个1869年至1885年期间，联邦政府都没有理睬梅蒂斯人的诉求。很显然，在麦克唐纳和他的继任者们看来，建立一个新国家比解除一个相对弱小的少数民族的困境更重要。也许，梅蒂斯人可以享受到联邦政府更好的待遇。今天，在加拿大的教室里，对这些事件的不同看法不在争论不休。
Macdonald was also criticized for concealing the fact that he took some money illegally to complete the railway. In 1873 as “The Pacific Scandal” became known, the construction of the railway suspended temporarily. The determined Macdonald and his government, obsessed by the possibility of the Americans moving in and taking over the west, boldly pushed railway construction to completion.
麦克唐纳还被指责隐瞒事实，非法挪用资金完成铁路建设。那次有名的1873年的“太平洋丑闻”曾使铁路建设一度停了下来。后来麦克唐纳和他的政府，由于担心美国人入侵并接管西部，坚定果断地推动完成铁路建设。
1870年马尼托巴成为一个省，1871年英属哥伦比亚加入，1873年爱德华太子岛加入，1905年艾伯塔和萨斯喀彻温加入。1949年，纽芬兰岛获准加入联邦，使拥有10个省的东岸到西岸的加拿大联邦完整起来，也就是今天的加拿大。那条铁路，即加拿大太平洋铁路在预定完工日期之前也已建成。
加拿大的立国之路崎岖不平，继续保持下去更是充满艰辛。在开始的100多年里，她面临许多挑战一直是并且现在仍然是保持国家的统一。说法语与说英语的加拿大之间的关系是最难处理的。这个加拿大历史上的房屋主题，始于1756年至1763年的七年战争(或者在北美，通常叫做法印战争)期间英国打败新法兰西的时候。近20年里，魁北克举行的旨在使该省脱离加拿大的公民投票，在那里勉强被失败。这个挑战在今后的日子里还会依然存在。
So far, the country has remained strong, and has traditionally played a significant role in international affairs.
迄今为止，这个国家还是强大的，并一直在国际事务中扮演着重要角色。加拿大对21世纪寄以厚望。好需要具有创造性的外交策略，避免隐藏在外表下的内部摩擦导致自我毁灭。她需要找到一条道路，实现多年以前“联邦国父”的梦想。一个美好的期待是，机遇关照加拿大去实现这些梦想，真正成为最初所设想的那样一个国家。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之十一
天空观察Sky Watch
Today the wind and rain drove fiercely against my apartment window. It was the tail end of a typhoon. Every year, as the calendar indicates the approach of autumn, these destructive tropical storms account for both death and destruction along
今天暴风雨不在击打着我的寓所窗户，不过台风就要结束了。每年当日历提示秋天来临时，这些破坏性极强的热带风暴就会给亚洲沿海地区，带来人员伤亡和财产损失。平均每年可能有15次这样的暴风雨。面对这些灾难，很多居民抱着漫不经心的态度，但提高防范意识才是明智的。
As the water dripped from my balcony and accumulated into free-flowing rivers on the road beneath, I was reminded of the extreme weather that affected the residents of
雨水从阳台上滴落下来，在下面的道路上汇聚成肆意流淌的水流。这使我联想到侵扰北美居民的那些极端恶劣的气候。飓风、龙卷风、雪暴、冰暴和雷暴，都是可能威胁到整个社会的极端的气候现象。每次风暴都有其独特的特点，展现出特有的魔力和恐怖景象。
Every fall hurricanes slam the
每年秋天，飓风都要猛烈攻击美国海岸。它们打翻船只，刮倒大树，冲毁成片的公共海滩，还常常造成人员伤亡。所幸的是，由于有了先进的预警系统，当局能够将这种混乱不堪的状况降到最低限度。但不管怎样，还是有一部分人忽视这些警告。营救这些不负责任的成年人的重任就落在了当局身上。这时，政府预算就显得很勉强。要调集足够的物资，保证为一个国家的所有地区提供帮助，使得财政吃紧。
Hurricanes seldom reach
飓风很少影响到加拿大的安大略省。但在1954年，黑兹尔飓风却使多伦多的居民遭遇了一个充满灌水和恐惧的可怕夜晚。为了应付那次灾难，所有救援机构都尽了最大的努力。
In
在安大略，严酷的冬天从十一月一直延续到四月，常常有暴风雪。当气象预报员预报说有恶劣的暴风雪时，人们就得调整他们的旅游和体育运动计划，特别是调整他们的衣着。汽车驾驶员在这样的环境里必须更加小心。除雪成了北方城市的主要开支之一。家庭调整了他们的周末休假计划，一起呆在家里，安全地坐在炽热的炉火前观看录像。当挺拔的常青树上挂满蓬松的白雪时，人们就可以欣赏在深蓝色天空衬托下的美丽雪景了。
In 1998,
1998年，安大略的居民又遭受了一场残酷的冰暴的蹂躏。电力线路在冰冻的重压下瘫痪了，人们的生命受到严重威胁。好几个星期，人们的生活中没有电。该省的偏远地区几个月后生活才恢复正常。安大略的加拿大地盾区有大量的岩石、树木和湖泊。夏天夜晚，雷暴会上演蔚为壮观的好戏。锯齿形的道道闪电相继划破长空，声声雷鸣在水面上回响。每次暴风雨都是一次大自然的绝无仅有的精彩演出。
When individuals encounter the impressive forces of nature we are reminded that we are indeed weak and insignificant!
当遭遇到令人难忘的大自然的暴力时，人们就会想到人类的确是柔弱无力而又微不足道的。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之十二
管道胶带The Duet Tape
Among the contents of the toolboxes of most people in the western world you would expect to find a hammer and nails, a drill, screw drivers and some screws. But if you were to ask people from
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇♪在西方，多数人的工具箱中，你可望找到一把锤子和一些钉子，一把钻子，几把螺丝刀和一些螺丝钉。不过，你要是问北美人什么是他们工具栏里最有用的东西，多数人会肯定地告诉你那是管道胶带。的确，在每个人认为必备的东西中，管道胶带已经是必不可少的物品了。
Maybe you have never heard of duct tape. It is the brand name of a tape. Not only is it a tape, but also it is a special kind of tape.
也许你还没有听说过管道胶带吧。它是一种带子的商标名称。它不仅是带子，而且是一种很特殊的带子。
The name of the tape comes from the fact that it was designed as an insulating tape that can be used in duct work (channels or conduits that are used for heat to travel through to get to different areas of a building). Incredible though it seems, someone actually put a picture of a duck on the packaging of the tape from one manufacturer perhaps just as a joke or maybe because the design artist did not understand the origin of the name. Neither the word duck nor duct was on the label. Presumably, it was assumed that everyone could identify the product.
这种带子原是用于管道工程(用于将热能传送到大楼各个部分的管道或导管)的一种绝缘密封带子，并由此而得名。尽管看来不可思议，但确实有人将一幅鸭子的照片放在了一家生产这种带子的产品包装上。这也许只是一个玩笑，抑或是包装设计师不懂这个名称的由来。标签上既没有鸭子也没有管道字样。大概每个人都是能认得这种产品。
You can recognize the genuine tape because of its silver grey color. The color was likely chosen because it closely resembles the color of the pipes the color of the pipes it would be used on. That was the primary intended use of the tape. It was unlikely that the inventor realized how many other uses could be found for this product.
你可以认出这种真正的带子，它是银灰色的。之所以选择这种颜色，很可能是因为它与管道的颜色相似。那才是为这种带子设计的主要用途。发明人未必想到人们可能会为它找到许多其他用途。
Ingenious people have found many alternative uses for this tape. The binder on the tape is of good quality and it will stick to most surfaces. The tape is of great strength. It is impossible to tear the tape. It must be cut. The durable nature of the tape is one of its main assets.
聪明的人们发现了这种带子的许多其他用途。这种带子上的粘合剂质量很好，能够粘着在大多数物体的表面。带子的强度很大，不可能被撕破，所以必须用刀切割。耐久性是这种带子的最可贵之处。
It comes in a variety of widths and the length of the tape on the roll will vary as well. The number of centimeters wide and the number of meters long will determine the price of the roll.
它被制成多种宽度，一卷带子的长度也可以变化。一卷带子有几厘米宽和几米长决定了它的价格。
The duct tape is acquiring fame as the number of its uses for it exceeds the thoughts possible. The number of uses for this tape will amaze you. One internet Website started out trying to identify 101 uses for the duct tape and the list has well over 200 uses on it now. Maybe there are an infinite number of uses. Some of the items it lists involve an imagination but others are quite genuine. Not even a kindergarten student requires instruction on how to use it. One idea seems to generate another, inspired by the unique way someone else has decided to make use of the tape. However, some of the uses are not feasible to execute. For instance, the use of the tape as a bandage is not recommended. It could cause injury when it is removed. You must evaluate the list with a sense of humor as some of the uses could embarrass a person. The commercial value of the tape is undoubtedly tremendous with huge profits resulting from the sales. The product practically promotes itself without much need for publicity.
管道胶带之所以有名，在于它的用途超出人们的想象，多得让人吃惊。一个互联网站最开始为这种带子列举了101种用途，而现在这个清单上已经超过200种了。可能有数不完的用途。在这个清单上有的用途可能只是一种想象，但其他一些用途确实是相当实在的。甚至幼儿园的学童不用教就可以学会怎样使用。别人以独特的方式使用带子的富有灵感的一个念头似乎会引发另外的想法。不过， 有些用途是不可行的。例如，将这种带子作为绷带就不值得推荐。去掉它时会造成伤害。你必须带着幽默感去评价这份清单，因为有些用途会给人带来麻烦。这咱带子的商业价值毫无疑问是巨大的，能带来丰厚的销售利润。实际上，这种产品不需要广泛宣传，本身就可以促销。
Sometimes you see people, usually male rather than female, wearing shirts that have a slogan written on them that says, “I can fix anything”——and then there is a picture of a duct tape below the saying. The implication presumably is that the duct tape replaces skill.
有时候你看到人们，通常是男性而非女性，穿的衬衫上写着：“我能维修一切”的字样，下面有张管道胶带的图片。其含义当然是这种管道胶带能取代技能。
Another good marketing strategy that people enjoy is the use of a calendar. There is one page on the calendar for every day of the year and each page shows and describes a new use of the duct tape.
另一个人们惯用的有效营销策略是利用日历。有种日历上一年中的每一天都有单独一页，每页上都展示和说明管道胶带的一种新用途。
One of the typical uses of the duct tape is to repair a leak in a faucet or water tap. If the hose of a vacuum cleaner has a hole in it, the duct tape will come to rescue. Almost every household in
管道胶带的一个典型的用途是修理水龙头。如果真空吸尘器上面的软管有个洞，管道胶带就派上用场了。几乎北美的每个家庭都至少有一卷管道胶带。人们身边有了它，可以修理几乎所有东西。人人都认为购买额外的带子是必要的，所以销量在继续攀升。
Many people like to boast about how often they use the tape. They say that the usage of duct tape has allowed them to simplify their life and to decrease the cost of repairs.
许多人喜欢夸耀他们是如何经常地使用这种带子。他们说使用管道胶带简化了他们的生活，并且减少了修理费用。
It can be used indoors in the interior of a house but there are abundant uses outside the house as well. If there is a chip out of a glass object, the duct tape can be used to protect the user from being injured.
它不仅可用于室内，在室外也有广泛的用途。比如玻璃制品破裂后产生碎片，管道胶带可用于保护使用者不受伤害。
Repairing or reinforcing a joint on an aluminum ladder that a person is using would be a valuable use of the tape.
修理或加固一个人正在使用的铝制梯子的接头时，可以利用这种带子。
The tape has proved to be bargain. Even if the manufacturers charged twice as much for the tape, it would still be a best seller in the western world. The retail price is very reasonable. In addition it is convenient to store, and despite the number of apparent uses, people are always finding more ways to utilize it. It has become a vital item for every household.
这种带子的确是廉价品。即使厂家把售价提高一倍，它在西方仍然是畅销货。它的零售价非常合理。此外，它容易储存，虽然有许多明显的用途，人们仍然可以发现更多新的使用方法。它已经成为每个家庭必备的物品。
The glue on the tape is a wonderful adhesive agent and will bond well to anything from a piece of crystal to the handle of a broom. There have been reports of people using the tape to trap insects. Crickets, for example, were found stuck to the tape by one person. Maybe the glue was able to attract them or maybe they just were in the wrong place. Criminals have been known to use the tape on their victims. During a robbery, a robber used the duct tape on the witnesses to keep them from reporting the crime until he had escaped. It was apparent that the robber came armed with the duct tape, anticipating the need for its use.
这种带子的粘胶是一种极好的粘合剂，它能牢固地粘接到任何东西上，不论是一块水晶还是一个扫帚把。据报道，有人用这种带子诱捕昆虫。例如有人曾用带子粘住蟋蟀。也许是这种粘胶对昆虫有吸引力，也可能只是认错了地方。罪犯们也知道将这种带子用于受害者。在一次抢劫中， 一个劫犯用管道胶带将目击者粘住，使他们不能去报案，直到罪犯逃之夭夭。显然，那个劫犯是带着管道胶带来的，事先考虑到它的用途。
One evening a sea breeze was causing a window on a campus dormitory to crash repeatedly as the clasp on it had been broken. The Duct tape put a swift end to the nuisance of the constant banging. Although it was obvious it was not a permanent solution of the problem, nevertheless, the temporary use of the duct tape was appreciated until the window could be replaced or someone could install a better latch.
一天晚上，一阵海风使校园宿舍的一扇窗子碰来碰去，响个不停，因为上面的钩子坏了。管道胶带很快就止住宅楼了那讨厌的持续不断的碰撞声。尽管那显然不是解决问题的长远之计，但在换掉那扇窗子或有人为它安装一个好插销之前，仍不失为一种值得赞许的临时办法。
You can even accomplish repairs on vehicles, which sometimes means the difference between being stopped in traffic or being able to continue your journey. Many motorists have had to resort to the use of the duct tape in an emergency situation. Drivers often keep a roll of duct tape in the trunk of their car for that reason. It is a tremendous relief when you are able to wrap a piece of duct tape around a leaking hose that you discover at a time when it is not convenient to replace it. Thanks to the duct tape, the driver can become mobile again. The fear of being stranded on a lonely stretch of highway is lessened when you carry a duct tape.
你甚至可以成功地修理交通工具，有时候这就决定了你是停止前进还是继续你的行程。许多机动车驾驶员在紧急情况下不得不求助于管道胶带。为此，驾驶员们常常在他们的车厢里放上一卷管道胶带。当你发现管子漏了，又不便于更换，而你却能够用一段管道胶带包缠好时，该是多么的惬意啊。用了管道胶带，驾驶员又可以上路了。只要你备有管道胶带，对在公路的偏僻路段上束手无策的担心就会少多了。
Other forms of transportation make good use of the tape as well. Usage for it can be found on boats, and also on airplanes. For instance, a sky driver once reported that jumping out of a small airplane did not scare her as much as riding in a small plane that appeared to have lots of duct tape.
在其他的交通方式上管道胶带也有它的用途。在船上有它的用途，在飞机上也有。比如，一个跳伞运动员曾说，如果所乘的小飞机上同时还载有很多管道胶带的话，从小飞机上跳出来比乘坐小飞机还安全。
Sports and recreational activities make good use of this tape as well. If you’re audio cassette player will not stay closed, use a piece of duct tape to position the tape holder. It might look odd but it will serve the purpose. If a hockey stick needs to be taped, use duct tape!
运动和娱乐活动也是这种带子的用武之地。如果你的盒式磁带放音机不紧，就用一节管道胶带固定磁带卡吧。看起来有点怪怪的，却很管用。如果曲棍球棍需要用带子包缠，那就用管道胶带吧！运动员们，不管是职业的还是业余的，都喜欢用它。
It can be used to compress a package, making more cargo fit in a carrier. You can use it repair a leaky toilet, or to fix a crack on a toilet seat.
它可以用来压紧包裹，使得一件行李中装进更多的东西。可以用它修补漏水的马桶，修理马桶座圈的裂缝。
If you wrap duct tape around a newspaper, it can be used to make a dog’s chew toy.
如果用管道胶带缠卷一张报纸，就可以用做狗嚼棒。
If you get an opportunity to use this product, you will also discover many uses for it and you will agree that it is one of the world’s best inventions.
你要是有机会使用这种产品，并发现它的许多用途，你就会同意说它是世界上最好的发明之一。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之十三
诺尔曼•白求恩：一个在中国的加拿大英雄Norman Bethune: a Canadian Hero in
Norman Bethune was born in
诺尔曼•白求恩于1890年出生在加拿大安大略省的格雷文赫斯特。他的家族有从事公共事业的悠久历史，这毫无疑问地影响了他以后的发展。从一开始，他还是一个青年大学生的时候，他就立下志向，他的丛生目标就是要有一颗怜悯之心，承担起社会责任，帮助不幸的人们摆脱贫困的桎梏，获得自由。他坚定不移地培养了一种无私的精神，这种精神贯穿他的一生，从不考虑个人的得失。他有一次不成功的婚姻，最终以离婚收场。他生活中的唯一目的是让医术精益求精和积极从事人道主义活动。在这种情况下，可想而知，比他年轻得多的妻子弗朗西斯是难以接受的。
From 1911to 1912, Bethune worked as a lumberjack and teacher in a remote area of
1911年到1912年，白求恩在安大略的一个偏远地区做一名伐木工和教师。他在“边疆学院”教书。那是一所专门为伐木营地的成年工人提供基础教育的学校。
During the First World War, he became a stretcher bearer (helping to carry the wounded from the battlefields). He, himself, was wounded by shrapnel (fragments of exploding shells). He was confined, as a patient, to hospitals for months, receiving therapy and recuperating from his injuries.
第一次大战期间，他成了一名担架手(帮助从战场上运送伤员)。他自己也被流弹(爆炸后弹壳的碎片)所伤。作为一个病人，他不得不在医院住了几个月，接受治疗，等待伤口康复。
After the war, he completed his internship at the hospital for sick children in
战后，他在英国伦敦的儿童医院完成了实
Later, in the
之后，在美国，白求恩就与贫穷和落后联系在一起了。但他的医术也吸引了富有的病人，他们可以付钱来得到那些通常拒绝对穷人进行的治疗。他认识到金钱是如何腐蚀医疗系统的，并开始急切地关注被人忽视的穷人中的医疗需求和苦难。他的使命就是尽其所能地使不幸的人们摆脱困境。他对政府漠视这些情况感到震惊。也就在这时，他自己的健康开始恶化。他的左肺染上了肺结核，于是他进行了一次成功但很危险的手术。健康上出现的这一段插曲，对他的一生产生了极大的影响。这激发了他对心胸科医学，特别是该领域的外科方面的兴趣，促使他在美国的一家肺病医院工作了几年。
Following this interval in the
在美国工作的这段时间之后，1929年，他开始成为蒙特利尔的皇家维多利亚医院胸科医学专家。他开始在医学杂志上撰写文章介绍新的外科技术。后来，他发明、研究并改进了外科仪器。
In 1935, he journeyed to the
1935年，他到苏联访问，出席国际生理学大会，是加拿大共产党和美国共产党安排他去的。那时，白求恩已经是一名加拿大共产党员。回到加拿大后，他更加深信民主国家需要建立针对所有公民的公共健康保障体系。早些时候白求恩在蒙特利尔建了一所免费诊所。他的良心支配着他为这些目标而工作。
The Struggle of the
后来，西班牙共和国反抗法西斯侵略的斗争使他来到西班牙进行一次医学上的冒险和挑战。在马德里，他首创了一家战地流动血站。他收集血液，然后沿
He returned to
他回到加拿大继续巡回演讲，为西班牙人民的人道主义需要筹集资金。在这次巡回演讲期间，白求恩竭尽所能，详细描述了那里的人民的迫切需要。他那卓越的交际能力使得这次巡回演讲获得成功。他的勿庸置疑的才能引起了广泛注意，白求恩大夫成了杰出的国际志愿者，竭尽所能帮助不幸的人民。
In the meantime,
与此同时，日本开始入侵中国。19世纪30年代是法西斯肆虐全世界的时期。白求恩知道西方对中国长期进行侵略和剥削的历史，这让他认定那里需要他的服务。
In January 1938, he sailed to Mainland
1938年1月，他乘船来到中国大陆。他说，他无法容忍贪婪的人所发动的侵害另一部分人的战争。他继续宣讲西班牙和中国都是同一场战争(反对法西斯主义)的组成部分。日本人已经把中国人逼近到了中国的西北部。毛泽东只与白求恩见过一面，但他们通过书信保持联系。
Bethune almost immediately set out for the hazardous surroundings of the mountain ranges of Yen an. In the company of the Eighth Route Army, Bethune practiced his profession as best as he could. There were no mobile units and there was a desperate need to recruit medical trainees and convey his knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the soldiers. Consequently, there was an urgent requirement for illustrated medical manuals.
白求恩立即投身到延安山区复杂危险的环境中。在八路军的协助下，白求恩尽其所能地发挥他的专业特长。没有移动的设备，急需征召实习医生，将他的知识和技能传授给他们，以满足部队的需要。相应的，还急需带图解的医疗手册。
Both soldiers and peasants required a good deal of medical attention. Again, under very trying conditions, and with a lot of nerve, determination and courage, Bethune and his crew of Chinese assistants were eventually able to establish and coordinate over twenty medical and nursing teaching hospitals. Because of shortages of personnel and other difficulties, Bethune himself routinely operated for days without reasonable breaks. In one period, he worked continually for sixty-nine hours on a total of one hundred and fifteen patients. His ability to endure such hard conditions and retain his sanity was little short of a miracle. It was under these conditions that his life became abruptly doomed. In October of 1939, possible suffering from extreme fatigue, he accidentally cut his left hand with the blade of his scalpel. Without proper medical supplies and with germs everywhere, his hand became infected and blood poisoning (a disease called septicemia) spread. He died on November 12, 1939.
士兵和农民们都需要医疗。为此，在极端困难的情况下，凭着胆识、决心和勇气，白求恩和他的中国助手们终于建立和配备了20多所医疗和护理教学医院。由于人员短缺和其他困难，白求恩自己整天还要照例进行手术，休息不足。有段时间，他为115个病人连续工作了69个小时。他忍受这种艰苦条件和保持头脑清醒的能力真是一个奇迹。这样的条件注定了他突如其来的命运。1939年，也许是极度疲劳的缘故，他意外地被他的解剖刀片割破了左手。没有必需的药品，到处是细菌，他手上的伤口因而受到感染，血液中毒(一种叫做败血病的疾病)扩散开来。他于
Dr. Norman Bethune’s stature became even greater in death. The affection of the Chinese people for him swelled Emotions ran high upon the news of his death. His capacity to move people, and his insight into humanity was never so evident as during this period. The Chinese people were extremely grateful that such a man had crossed their paths.
诺尔曼•白求恩大夫的崇高精神在他去世后影响更加深远。中国人民更加热爱他。他去世的消息使人们非常悲痛。他激励人们的这种能力和他对人道主义的洞察力从来都不像这时如此的明显。中国人民非常感谢这位把足迹留在他们土地上的人。
During this solemn time, tributes to Bethune came from many parts of the world. He was described as an activist, a writer, a teacher, an administrator, and above all, a great doctor. Mao said of him, “… We must all learn the spirit of absolute selflessness from him.”
在这个庄严的时刻，对白求恩的悼念来自全世界。他被称为活动家、作家、教师、管理者，还有最主要的，是一个伟大的医生。毛泽东说“……我们必须学习他毫不利已的精神”。
After a very simple funeral, as he, had requested, Dr. Norman Bethune was buried in the Mausoleum of the Martyrs in Shih Chia Chuang, southeast of
在一个按他本人生前要求的非常简单的葬礼之后，诺尔曼•白求恩大夫埋葬在北京东南的石家庄的烈士陵墓。中国人以他的名字命名了一所医学院和一所医院。多年来，各地建了许多怀念他的纪念碑和纪念馆。
One ironic tragedy of all of this was that, up until 1973, Dr. Bethune had never received much recognition from his native country of
与此相反，具有讽刺意味的是，直到1973年，白求恩大夫还没有在他的祖国加拿大得到应有的承认。甚至于连他的造诣都不被认可(可能是因为他是共产主义者的关系)。1975年，皮尔•特鲁多总理，早年在中国度过很长时间的另一位加拿大人，说服了他的政府，买下了安大略省格雷文赫斯特的白求恩的房子，用作“白求恩纪念馆”。
Dr. Bethune’s impact on medicine was not singular. His career was very comprehensive, as noted above, as he attained an extraordinary list of accomplishments of highest merit. Among his many goals, was one goal that was not fulfilled until after his death? In 1938, while in china, he recommended a universal health system for
白求恩大夫在医学上的影响是多方面的。如上所述，他的职业生活涉及面十分广泛，他取得了一系列卓越成就。在他的许多目标中，有一个直到他去世之后才完成。1938年，还在中国的时候，他建议在加拿大建立全民保健制度。巧合得很，在一部关于白求恩生平的电影“英雄白求恩”中扮演白求恩的加拿大演员，唐纳德萨瑟兰，娶了道格拉斯的女儿。道格拉斯在担任萨斯喀彻温省(加拿大西部的一个省份)社会党总理时，在该省建立了社会医疗制度。后来，在20世纪60年代，作为中央政府的一名国会议员，道格拉斯在建立全国卫生保健制度的过程中扮演了一个很重要的角色。他最后成为著名的加拿大医疗保险制度的创始人。
Bethune is probably best known for his introduction of the mobile blood bank to the battlefield, and giving blood transfusions in the midst of heavy fighting.
或许，白求恩因为他首次把流动血站引进战场并在激烈战斗当中进行输血治疗而声名远播。中国几乎尊他为圣人。对于他的去世，中国人表示了深切地悼念。他的博爱精神仍然活在许多中国人的心中。作为在中国的加拿大教师，我们常常受到中国人的礼遇，他们经常提到并赞扬这位伟大的加拿大医生和人道主义者。不幸的是，许多加拿大人对这位非凡的人所从事过的难以置信的人道主义工作知之甚少。这位正派朴素的人，的确是一位与贫穷和不幸做斗争的伟大的国际大使。
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之十四
远景还是幻想？Future or Fantasy?
What will our world be like in the future? Can we look ahead twenty five years and dream about the transformations that will take place? The scholars who make it their business to try to predict the future are not all in agreement about what the future holds. If you visit displays at places like
我们的世界未来会是什么样？我们能预测未来的25年并设想将会发生什么变化吗？未来到底有些什么特征，以预测未来为职业的学者们意见也并非一致。如果你到像迪斯尼世界这样的地方去观赏一下，就会得到一些关于对我们生活的一种大体的预测。当我们幻想从现在开始几十年后我们的生活会是什么样子时，我们会推断出我们生活的各个方面。
Personal
Clothing styles change from year to year and also from culture to culture. Do you think that we will have sleeves in our shirts and blouses? Will we wear socks to protect our feet? Will plastic gloves be used routinely as part of everyday life to avoid transmission of germs? Will we still use buttons to fasten our clothing? Will we all wear the same kind of jeans or pants (like a uniform) or will each culture be different? What textiles will be used in manufacturing our clothing? Will a type of nylon fabric be used in an effort to make our clothing more durable? Synthetic fibers which will no fade can be produced in bright colors such as pink and purple in addition to all the other colors of the rainbow.
个人生活
服装式样年年在变，一种文化习俗与另一种文化习俗之间也各不相同。你认为我们的衬衣和上衣还会有袖子吗？我们还会穿袜子保护我们的脚吗？在日常生活中我们会使用塑胶手套来避免细菌的传播吗？我们还会用扣子来固定我们的衣服吗？我们都穿同样的牛仔裤或短裤(像制服一样)，还是有各种不同的文化品位？什么样的纺织品会用来做我们的服装？是否会有一种更耐用的尼龙布？不褪色的合成纤维会以粉红色和紫色等各种鲜艳的色彩制造出来，而且是和彩虹的各种颜色一起吧。
When it comes to matters of personal cleanliness, will we soak in a bath? Will we spray ourselves with water or some other substance in a shower? Will we have a choice of which to use? Will we go to visit a barber for a haircut or will we be able to control the growth of our hair? If growth of a beard could be slowed, the daily ritual of shaving would be unnecessary for men.
在涉及到个人卫生方面，我们还会泡在浴缸里吗？我们会在淋浴时喷水还是一些其他物质？我们有使用的选择吗？我们还会去理发店理发或者我们能控制头发的生长？如果胡须的生长速度可以减慢，那男人就无须按老规矩天天刮胡子了。
Health
In the western world the number of people who smoke cigars or cigarettes has diminished substantially in the last several years. Maybe the use of tobacco will be eliminated completely.
在西方近几年抽雪茄和香烟的人数已明显下降。也许，烟草的消费会完全消亡。
保健
Will we be able to heal illnesses and diseases as soon as the symptoms are identified?
我们能够一发现症状就治愈这一疾病、解除疾病吗？
A cure for cancer would be considered a miracle. Could the disease be conquered with adequate commitment of federal funds to furnish financial resources? Accomplishment of this project would be a triumph of enormous proportions. It would be equivalent to sending several rockets to Mars simultaneously. It would improve the welfare of all humanity.
治愈癌症被认为是一个奇迹。在有专项联邦基金保证财力的情况下，能够战胜这种疾病吗？这项工程的完成将是一个巨大的成功，这相当于同时向火星发射几枚火箭。这将造福于全人类。
Instead of using a thermometer to take our temperature, maybe we will have sensors implanted in our bodies that will be read by a personal health care monitor. The machine could tell us if we are in need of more oxygen in our blood or if the food we just ate in difficult to digest because of too much acid in our stomachs. Will an appointment with a doctor be automatic if we are in need of treatment or will that profession become obsolete?
我们也许会带有植入体内的传感器，可以由个人健康检测器据此读出数据，无需用体温计来测量我们的体温。仪器会告诉我们是否需要在血液里增加氧气，是否由于胃酸过多而使我们刚吃的食物难于消化。如果我们需要治疗就会自动找医生，还是医生这个职业会消失？
The monitor might also have the ability to prescribe a lifestyle program for us. A woman might be able to determine if she is pregnant from the use of this machine. A remedy for a sore limb might be verified if the person is uncertain how to treat it. A sore throat, a cough or a stiff neck might also be diagnosed and treatment prescribed. Tension in parts of our body can be caused by stress and precautions and preventative steps could be recommended.
检测器可能有能力为我们设计生命程序。女人或许能够使用这种仪器确定是否怀孕。如果一个人不知道如何治疗肢体疼痛，通过仪器可找到对它的治疗方法。喉咙痛、咳嗽或斜颈也可能诊断出来并指出治疗方法。由于压力导致身体某部分紧张，其预防步骤也可以推荐给你。
A machine might be used for the administration of medicine as well. Could you adjust to the idea of having an injection given to you by a robot using a needle? In fact, the precise dosage might be easier to attain using this method
机器可能会用于药品管理上。你能够接受一个机器人用针管对你进行注射吗？事实上使用这种方法更容易获得精确的剂量。
It seems logical to make use of equipment that evaluate symptoms and interpret data if the performance proves reliable.
如果证明性能可靠，使用仪器来评价症状、解读数据，看来是可行的。
Critical illnesses could be diagnosed earlier and we could be confident that even the diagnosis of a complex disease could be clarified and the disease could be treated before it becomes fatal.
危险病症能够较早地诊断出来。我们相信即使对一个复杂病症的诊断也能够做到清楚明了，准确无误，并在它变得致使以前对其进行治疗。
Supposing a life-threatening virus could be controlled, by inference viruses would no longer constitute a threat to our well-being.
假如一种致使的病毒能够得到控制，可以推测，病毒将不再对我们的健康产生威胁。
The concept or idea of people living to an extremely old age has been suggested. Will the consequence of that possibility be that people could also maintain their intellect as they age?
人们会活得很长的概念或观点已经被提出来了。这种可能性能够表明人上了年纪后，智力依然保持吗？
Will people be able to make arrangements to have their body or its parts used after they die? The donation would help others to have some of their body parts replaced. Will people still have funerals and be buried in a grave as is the current custom or will cremation be the common practice?
人们能够达成协议，在他们死后使用他们的身体或身体的某一部分吗？这些捐献将帮助他人移植身体的某些器官。人们还会像现在的传统那样举行葬礼，埋进坟墓里，或者火葬会更普遍吗？
If we wear corrective lenses now, perhaps our vision could be improved or restored through laser surgery. We would no longer need to wear glasses.
如果我们现在带上矫正镜，或通过激光手术我们的视力就会改善或恢复。我们将不再需要带眼镜了。
The tragedy of a stroke and the resulting mental disability could be prevented if a monitor could analyze the person’s condition and recommend changes in lifestyle or treatment that could avert a stroke or a heart attack.
如果监控器能够分析出人的健康状况，并且建议改变可能导致中风或心脏病发作的生活方式，提出避免中风和心脏病发作的治疗方法，中风这样的不幸及其引发的智力障碍就可以预防。
An ambulance equipped with sophisticated portable medical diagnostic equipment could have the ability to assess multiple injuries of the victim of an accident. Recovery would be assisted by the provision of prompt treatment.
一辆配备有精密便携式医疗诊断设备的救护车能诊断出事故受害者的多种伤势。而及时进行的处理有助于伤者的康复。
The prospect of a joint that swells, being treated by a restraint that causes lack of motion, is not a new idea, but will a synthetic joint be used to replace the joint instead of being treated in the current familiar way? Will replacement of a hip joint become more commonplace? Could a doctor operate on one of our organs without having to invade our bodies? Could surgery be performed with the aid of a small that it would be measured in millimeters? The opening required to insert the camera into our body would be tiny.
治疗关节肿痛的前景不是一个什么新的观念，用抑制病痛的办法治疗会导致暂时无法活动，那么会使用合成关节取代我们现在流行的处理方法吗？更换髋关节会变得很平常吗？医生能够不触及人体就能对某个器官动手术吗？手术能够借助小型照相机进行吗？照相机镜头的直径可能小到毫米以下吗？那样，需要将照相机送入人体体内的武器将会非常小。
Could a microscope be used in the study of biology to watch the development of a specimen of synthetic bacteria and then the specimen is used to create a treatment for the disease being studied?
显微镜会用于生物学研究来观察合成细菌标本的培育，然后将标本用于制造出一种与所研究的疾病有关的治疗方法吗？
Food
Our diet might contain come of the same foods that we eat now. Will we still use flour to make a loaf of bread? Maybe there will be ways to preserve our food so that bread never goes stale. Will we still eat common food combinations such as liver and onions? Will our favorite meal be roast beef or sausage and be cooked with cabbage? Will a typical breakfast menu include toast and jam? Maybe we will have a substitute for butter which tastes good.
食物
我们的食谱可能包括我们今天正在吃的某些食物。我们还会用面粉做面包吗？也许，会有防止我们的食物变质的办法来使面包保持原味。我们还会吃像肝和洋葱这样的普通混合食物吗？我们最喜欢的饭会是烤牛肉或香肠和卷心菜一起煮吗？典型的早餐会包括土司和果酱吗？也许我们会有替代黄油的美味食品。
Food might not be purchased from a grocer or from a supermarket. Instead, as customers, we might order our food, using the internet and have it delivered to our residences. Maybe an automatic recorder would be placed when food is removed from a refrigerator. Preparation of food might be eliminated but because people enjoy eating, maybe there will be the option of nourishing our bodies through food or using some other means. Perhaps a series of pills will provide adequate nourishment. Fruits such as grapes, peaches or pears might still be available in several forms such as frozen or dried for our consumption. Candy would be difficult to give up for anyone who enjoys eating sweets. Pie for dessert is a favorite with some people and maybe a way will be found to produce a pie that tastes good and yet will be a healthy food for us to eat. A hot bowl of soup not only nourishes but also comforts people and we would not want to relinquish that. Protein sources that have not been used before will become evident.
食品不需要从杂货店或超级商场购买。取而代之的是，作为顾客，我们可以使用互联网定购食物并把它送到我们的住处。也许，当食品从冰箱里取出时可以自动记录下来。备制食品可能会没有必要了，但因为人们喜欢吃，也许可以通过选择食品或者其他方式为我们的身体提供营养。也许，一系列药丸就可以提供足够的营养。我们仍然可能吃像葡萄、桃子或梨这样的水果，以冰冻或干缩等几种形式进行消费。要放弃糖果对喜欢吃甜食的人来说是很难的。作为饭后甜点的馅饼是一些人喜欢的东西，可能会找到一种方法来生产一种馅饼，味道很好同时还是一种我们食用的保健食品。一碗热汤不仅有营养而且使人舒心，我们是不会舍弃的。从前没见过的蛋白质资源将随处可见。
Provision of a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch might be available through a special appliance that takes our food order and prepares the food and delivers it to us.
一种特殊的设备，能接受我们的食品定单、制作食物并把它送到我们面前，我们就可以在午餐时吃到火腿和乳酪三明治。
Ice-cream could be made, with the option of using either artificial sweetener or sugar. Will we fry foods like bacon and steak or will we be able to cook them by other means? We could combine foods such as peas and carrots with garlic to gain an abundant supply of vitamins from one dish.
冰淇淋可以选用人造甜料或糖来制造。我们会油炸像咸肉和牛排这样的食物，还是用其他方法来烹调它们？我们可以把像豌豆、胡萝卜和大蒜这样的食品结合在一起，一道菜就可以提供足够的维生素。
Household
What kind of accommodations will we enjoy? We are used to having more than adequate housing so we would not enjoy having to convert to a smaller residence. The access to our homes might be controlled for security reasons. Our entry might be gained by having a computer read our fingerprint to see if it will correspond to detect if the right person is trying to enter the residence. Some suggestions are that it would be better to use the print of a thumb so the thumbprint would be used instead of a fingerprint. Both are a possibility.
家庭
我们会喜欢什么样的住宅？我们习惯于拥有较大的住宅，不喜欢换到较小的地方住。为了安全，进入我们的家时应该受到监控。要进去，需要由电脑读出我们的指纹，看你是否与记录相符合，以察明想要进入住宅的人是否适当。有人建议，最好使用指纹，因此拇指指纹将会代替指纹。两者都是可能的选择。
Our garbage will be put in a garbage disposal unit that will eliminate the need for trash collection. Light bulbs will seldom need to be replaced, as they will be made to last a minimum of five and a maximum of ten years. To decorate our homes, we might just give a description of what we want and have it completed by an interior decorator with little interaction required from us. We could have our choice of background music played throughout the house, or varied from room to room. We might hear a symphony orchestra in one room and jazz in another. Will we have the luxury of having a maid do our cleaning or will that be unnecessary, as our home will become self-cleaning? Will we use soap and water to do our laundry or will another method that is friendly to the environment be developed? Will we use a furnace to heat our home or will we control the micro climate indoors by the use of solar power?
我们的垃圾将放进垃圾处理器，不再需要收集垃圾。几乎不需要更换灯泡，因为制造出的灯泡至少可以使用5-10年。想装修我们的家，只需要提供我们所想要的样子，就可以全部让室内设计师完成，不用我们操心。我们可以在一个房间听交响乐，在另一个房间听爵士乐。我们还有必要雇一个女仆为我们清理房间呢，或者根本就不需要，因为我们的家已变成自我清洁式的？我们会使用肥皂或水洗衣服，还是会开发出一种对环境有利的新方法？我们会使用炉子为房间供暖，还是使用太阳能来控制室内的小气候？
For people who live in a home in the suburbs will the tedious chore of mowing the lawn be accomplished in an efficient way by a robotic mower? Will weeds in our grass merely vanish as the mower emits a time release chemical to destroy them?
对于家住在市郊的人，除草这种单调乏味的杂务会由机器人除草器这种有效的方法完成吗？在除草机定时释放一种化学药品时，我们草地上的杂草是否会被杀死？
Transportation
Electronics
Will we be able to play any musical instrument such as a guitar easily with a process the machine teaches us? Will other media, such as movies, be interactive? Will we have access to optical discs that can be played by laser? Digital images will more closely imitate reality. They will be so realistic that it will be virtually impossible to tell them from the real thing. Our enjoyment of watching a video will be enhanced by the quality of the images. Will we have equipment capable of manipulating ideas, eliminating the need for journalists to write and edit the news? Will computer software be available to modify what we type so that our errors are corrected automatically? Will computer hardware include massive amounts of memory that will allow us to file an enormous amount of material?
电子器件
我们可能借用机器教学程序使学习吉他等乐器更为容易吗？其他媒体，比如电影，可以是互动的吗？我们可以拥有由激光播放的光盘吗？数字影像会更真实地模拟现实。事实上，他们是如此逼真，你不可能将他们从真实的东西中区分出来。图像质量高会增加我们观看视频的乐趣。我们会有能够处理思想而不再需要记者去编写新闻的设备吗？电脑软件能够对我们的输入进行优化从而自动改正我们的错误吗？电脑硬件是否会有更大的存储量，使我们能处理非常多的资料？
Will we be in the habit of carrying a small device with us that can be used as a cell phone, a fax, a microphone and an internet connection?
我们会习惯于随身携带一件小装置，能够用作移动电话、传真、麦克风和上网吗？
Summary
Look at the world around you and consider some of the concepts discussed in this document. Careful observation will lead you to the conclusion that many of these things have already happened. I urge you to reread each paragraph of this article to see if perhaps they are all things that are available somewhere in the world currently. If that is the case, then you will agree that the future is now!
总结
看看你周围的世界，考虑一下本文中讨论的某些概念。仔细观察，你就会得出结论，上述的很多理想已经实现了。我劝你把本文中的每一段再读一遍，看看是否都能在世界上的某个地方遇到。如果事实的确如此，那么你就会同意未来就是现在！
Will we float over highways or drive on the road surface as we do now? Will the cost of a gallon of fuel still be our concern? What will our vehicles look like? Will the profile of our automobiles look like the shape of space age aircraft? Will the notion of using paint to protect the car’s exterior be obsolete? Perhaps the coating on the car will give a durable shine and we will never to wax or polish it. What kind of battery will we use to power our car? Will we still have a mechanic repair our car at a service garage or will robots that are computerized do it? Will the motor be powered by a new kind of petroleum product or by hydrogen? Will the cars still be equipped with horns as a warning signal or will a new device be available? Will there be a gauge to warn us if our speed is too fast or will radar be used to guide the car so that driver error is no longer a concern?
交通
我们会漂浮在公路上，还是像现在一样在路面上驾驶？燃油的价格还是我们所要关心的吗？我们的交通工具会是什么样？我们汽车的外形看起来像太空时代的飞行器吗？使用油漆保护车子外表的观点会过时吗？也许，车的涂层会保持持久的光泽，永远不需要为车上蜡或进行擦拭。我们会使用什么样的电池作为汽车的动力？我们会在维修车库请机械师修理汽车，还是让电脑控制的机器人来做？发动机是用一种新的石油产品还是用氢气来驱动？汽车仍然配备喇叭作为警告信号还是使用一种新的装置？如果车速太快，会有一种装置警示我们，还是使用雷达引导汽车使得驾驶失误不再是一个问题？
星火贯通CET-4四级词汇系列之十五
古代奥运会the Ancient Olympics
With great anticipation, China is busily preparing for the 2008Summer Olympic Games.
中国正满怀期望，积极为2008年夏季奥运会做准备。北京将成为有幸举办奥运会的伟大城市之一，届时她将邀请全世界来嘉奖世界上最伟大的运动员。中国也将成为这个有2000多年历史，重要而丰富的传统的一部分。
The origins of the ancient Olympic Games tend to be submerged in
古代奥运会的起源很容易就被淹没在浩瀚的希腊神话中。一个广为流传的神话说，珀罗普斯，小亚细亚(现在的土耳其)的吕底亚的一个王子，在一次战车比赛中用欺骗手段击败了求婚对手，赢得了一位公主的婚约。当时失败者会被判斩首，而对手的战车被王子做了手脚使其在比赛中被撞毁。后来，车毁人亡。那位公主成了珀罗普斯的新娘，他创立了奥林匹克运动会庆祝他的胜利。不过，另外一些人则声称第一次奥运会是为纪念他死去的对手而举行的葬礼。
Another myth involved Hercules, the mythical strong man. Hercules was the son of Zeus, the Greek god, and one of the god’s mistresses. Hera, Zeus’ wife, and also his sister, was very upset. She attempted in many ways, to kill Hercules as a baby. Hercules survived. Later, after he had married, Hera successfully put a spell on him, demanding that he kill his wife. Because he was the son of the god, Zeus, Hercules was destined to become a god himself. In order to accomplish this, Hercules had to be cleansed of his wife’s murder. To do this, he was directed to perform twelve difficult labors. If he successfully completed these, he would become an immortal god, like his father.
另一个神话是有关赫尔克里斯的，一个神话中的大力士。他是希腊主神宙斯和他的一个情妇的儿子。赫拉，宙斯的妻子，也是他的姐姐，非常气愤。在赫尔克里斯还是个婴儿时，赫拉就使用了很多方法要杀死他。但赫尔克里斯幸存下来。后来，在他结婚后，赫拉成功地对他施以诅咒，让他杀死他的妻子。因为他是宙斯的儿子，赫尔克里斯自己注定也会成为一个神。为了做到这一点，他必须洗清他谋杀妻子的罪名。为此，他被要求要完成十二件艰巨的大事。如果他成功地完成了这些任务，他就会像他父亲一样，成为不朽的神。
One of the majestic labors was to clean the stables of the King of Elis, in the impossibly brief period of one day. The king had huge stables with very large herds of cattle. Hercules asked the king to give him one tenth of his cattle, if he completed the task in one day. The king, perhaps humoring Hercules, or perhaps believing that this task couldn’t possibly be done in one day, agreed. In one day, Hercules diverted two rivers through the barns, cleaning them, but he did not receive the cattle that were promised in the deal. Hercules waged a successful war on the King, sacking
其中一项任务是，在短短的一天之内清洁好艾丽斯国王的马厩，这几乎是不可能的事。艾丽斯国王的马群非常大，所以他有一个巨大的马厩。赫尔克里斯提出，如果他在一天之内完成了任务，国王就给他十分之一的马群。也许是觉得赫尔克里斯有点可笑，认为他根本不可能在一天内完成任务，国王就答应了。在这一天里，赫尔克里斯把两条小河引过来，将马厩冲洗干净，但没有得到承诺的马群。赫尔克里斯于是发动了一场战争，洗劫了艾丽斯。他举行了奥林匹克运动会来庆祝这次胜利和表示对父亲宙斯的敬仰。他的父亲宙斯就住在附近的奥林匹斯山上。这个神话还说，赫尔克里斯测量了运动场的长度，一个
As today, athletes in the ancient world were popular and had tremendous impact on the society of their day. The goal of the well-disciplined, physically trim athletes was to be the best. The champion athlete assumed a position of honor and privilege in Greek society. The status of a triumphant athlete also enhanced the reputation of his home city-state. Every young Greek boy who pursued the dream of being an Olympic champion some day envied the athletes. An important part of a Greek school boy’s curriculum was vigorous physical training in gymnasium.
像今天一样，古代的运动员很受欢迎，对他们那个时代的社会也有很大的影响。训练有素、身材匀称的运动员的目标是成为最好的运动员。冠军运动员会得到荣誉，在古希腊拥有特权。获胜运动员的地位也会增强自己家乡城市的名望。每一个希腊小伙子都羡慕那些运动员，梦想有一天自己成为奥林匹克冠军。古希腊学校里男孩子的课程里很重要的一部分就是在体育馆内上体育课。
The ancient Olympic Games, which began in 776 BC, lasted for over 1100 years. In 394 AD, the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius abolished the games, as pagan festivals. At that time the
古代奥运会始于公元前776年，延续了1100多年。公元394年，基督教罗马皇帝狄奥多西将其视为异教徒的节日予以废除。那时的罗马帝国正在衰落。现代奥林匹克运动会从1896年开始，才100多年。公元前776年的奥运会是有文字记录的第一届，但人们相信在此之前这项运动就已经存在了。有证据表明在古埃及和克利特岛上的古弥诺斯文化中就举行过体育比赛。
A plain called
在小城邦艾丽斯的奥林匹亚平原，就是古代希腊运动会的场地。每4年的年初，这个期间叫做“四年周期”，伴随体育比赛，要在奥林匹亚举行盛大的宗教节日。在古希腊，早期奥运会不是一个个城市轮流，而总是在奥林匹亚举行，“奥运会”因此得名。到时如果发生战争(这是常有的事)，对抗的军队之间就会休战，战士们丢下他们的剑和盾牌，与他们的对手一起，安全地来到奥林匹亚，参加狂热的运动会。运动会后，运动员们将与他们的同伴一起重返战场，拿起武器，与他们的敌人，也就是仅仅几天或几个星期前相遇的体育竞赛对手，继续交战，常常会战斗到死。
In the beginning, only free Greek-speaking male athletes could participate in the games, women, slaves, and foreigners were banned from competition. Women were even barred as spectators, not for sexual reasons, but for from 720 BC the male athletes were usually naked down to their bare feet when they participated.
起初，只有讲希腊语的自由男运动员可以参加运动会，妇女、奴隶和外国人是不允许参加竞赛的，甚至不准妇女观看。这并非性别的原因，而是因为从公元前720年开始，男运动员在参加比赛时常常从头到脚都是赤裸的。奥林匹亚是只让男人参加的宗教圣地，是崇拜希腊主神宙斯的地方。然而妇女并没有完全被排斥在体育比赛之外，她们有自己的运动会，也是每四年举行一次，叫做赫拉亚，以宙斯的妻子赫拉命名。
The first number of Olympic Games had only one event, called the stade. By the late 8th century BC, events included running, wrestling, boxing, pancratium (a mixture of boxing and wrestling), chariot racing, a footrace with heavy armor, and the pentathlon. The only official prize earned by the champion, was a crown of wild olive branches. Unofficially, some athletes received valuable prizes, including large sums of money from their home city-states. As in modern times, ancient athletes, even though they made pledges of fairness in competition, sought our every advantage, legal or illegal, in order to win. Even then, the concept of amateurism, for which there were no rules in ancient times, and the zeal for the competitive spirit were often sacrificed for the more selfish materialistic considerations.
最初的奥运会只有一个项目，叫做“斯泰底”。在公元前8世纪末，比赛项目包括赛跑、摔跤、拳击、角斗(摔跤和拳击并用)、赛车、负重跑和五项全能运动。冠军赢得的唯一正式奖品是一个野橄榄树枝编的桂冠。非正式地，有些运动员得到有价值的奖品，包括他们家乡城邦给的大笔奖金。像现代一样，古代的运动员，尽管他们发誓要公平竞赛，但是为了取胜，他们会设法获取各种优势，不管是合法的还是非法的。即使在那时，业余的概念——对此古代没有规定——和对体育精神的追求常常为了自私自利的物质报酬而受到亵渎。
By the 6th century BC, athletes began to specialize in particular sports, and even began to hire coaches. Special diets and new innovated kinds of physical conditioning became popular. Protein, from meat and beans in particular, became the popular nutritional need of Olympic athletes. The rules for events became more numerous and more strictly enforced. For example, a false start of a running event might have been followed by a whipping of the violator. Penalties usually included fines for most violations. It was said that the elegant, elaborate bronze statues of Zeus that lined the route to the Olympic Stadium in the fourth century BC, were financed by revenue created by fines imposed on athletes. Some athletes even became free agents, negotiating and hiring themselves out to the highest bidder, to win races and money for their sponsors. One rather peculiar practice that surrounded the chariot race event was that the owners, rather than the drivers of the chariots, received the honors and prizes. Some owners entered numerous chariots in the same event to increase their chances of winning. To the amusement of Olympic historians, Emperor Nero (famous for burning Rome) apparently entered a chariot race in which he fell from his chariot and did not finish, but still received the champion’s crown of olive branches. Who could argue with the Emperor?
到了公元前6世纪，运动员开始专攻个别项目，甚至开始雇佣教练。专门的饮食和独特的身体训练方法开始流行起来。蛋白质，特别是肉类和豆类，成了流行的奥林匹克运动会需要的营养品。体育项目的规则变得复杂起来，也更加严格了。例如，赛跑比赛的偷跑者可能会受到鞭笞的惩罚。惩罚通常包括对多数违规者的罚款。据说，公元前4世纪，摆放在奥林匹克运动场的入口处的、精心制作的庄严的宙斯青铜像，就是对运动员的罚款得来的收入提供的经费。一些运动员甚至成为自由代理人，与出价最高者谈判并被其雇佣，为他们的赞助人赢得比赛和金钱。与赛车比赛有关的一个相当特别的惯例是，赛车的主人而不是赛车手得到荣誉和奖品。为了增加获胜的机会，一些人在一次比赛中投入许多辆赛车。令奥林匹克历史学家感到好笑的是，显而易见尼实禄皇帝(有名的
By the 4th century BC, the Greek-only restriction on participation was eased as the Olympic organizers accepted athletes from overseas, from such territories as
到公元前4世纪，只准讲希腊语的人参加比赛的限制被放宽了，奥林匹克的组织者接受了来自海外的运动员，如从非洲大陆的埃及和利比亚这样的领地来的人。许多城邦甚至为运动员提供财政支持和设施，使他们能够把全部时间都用在训练上；有时，训练在运动会前一年多就开始了。
The ancient Olympics were a strange mix of a religious pilgrimage and a forum for intense athletic competition. As mentioned above,, Emperor Theodosius tried to permanently put an end to the games as pagan exercises, but they emerged again in 1896 after an interval of more than 1600 years. The Olympics maintained a religious theme from the beginning, varying in degree over time. The events were originally dedicated to the worship of gods and heroes, especially deceased heroes. They were, at times, called funeral games (as mentioned in Homer’s Iliad), and sometimes fertility festivals. The games gradually in the worship of the prominent cult of Zeus, the chief god. Today, the Olympics Games are secular events.
古代奥运会是宗教朝圣和激烈的体育比赛的奇特组合。如上所述，狄奥多西皇帝试图终止这种被当作异教徒活动的运动会，但它们在中断了1600多年后的1896年又出现了。奥运会保留了最初的宗教主题，但随着时间的推移，发生了不同程度的变化。比赛项目的设立最初是为了崇拜众神和英雄，特别是死去的英雄。有时，它们被叫做“葬礼”活动(如荷马的《伊利亚特》所提到的)，有时叫做丰收庆典。运动会在祭拜主神宙斯的活动中逐渐达到高潮。而今天奥运会的运动都是与宗教无关的比赛项目。
The most prominent symbols of the Olympic Games today did not originate in classical times. The Olympic torch was an innovation in 1916. The five rings were originally introduced to represent the first five Olympics of the modern era from 1896 to 1912. In 1920 the rings were revived to represent the five continents with North and
现代奥运会最突出的象征并不是来源于古典时代。奥林匹克火炬是1916年的创新，而引进五环最初是表示从1896年到1912年的头五届现代奥运会。1920年，这些环重新被用来代表包括五个大陆，南北美洲用其中一个环表示。在纳粹德国举行的1936年奥运会，是第一次点燃奥林匹克圣火的地方。
The spirit of intense competition in association with heroism and national pride, remain major themes of the Olympics today, much as they were over 2000 years ago. Today, countries send their best, amateur and professional alike, to compete for the highest honors. Athletes also still try to find an advantage to give a better performance than all other competitors, sometimes, unfortunately, not always following the rules.
几乎与2000多年前一样，与英雄主义、民族自豪感相联系的努力拼搏的精神仍然是现代奥运会的主题。今天，每个国家派出他们最好的选手，不管是业余的还是职业的，来争夺最高的荣誉。运动员们仍然要想方设法取得优势，以胜过其他选手。不幸的是，有时候也会不遵守规则。
Every four years, or every two years when one includes the winter Olympics, which began in 1924, the world focuses on a human event that represents the good of humanity. Motivated for a couple of weeks, in those years, people and nations try to forget their troubles, put aside their differences and conflicts, and become part of a vast promotion of good global relations and cooperation. One sometimes wonders if the Olympics serve as a safety valve in international human relations, attributing to a collective sanity in a world that, not unlike that of ancient times, is perpetually the scene of conflict, strife, and human misery. Certainly one would like to think that that is the case. If not, one can always hope.
从1924年开始，每隔四年（如果你把冬季奥运会算进来的话则为每隔两年），全世界的注意力都集中到这一表现人性好的一面的人类活动上。在这些年中的两个星期里，各国各民族设法忘掉他们的烦恼，撇开他们的分歧和冲突，参与到这个促进世界关系发展向前和合作的运动中。有人也许会想，在这个与古代没有什么两样，永远是冲突、斗争、悲剧的世界上，奥运会是否可以成为国际关系的安全阀，来唤醒人们共同的良知。人们当然愿意相信事实就是这样。如果不是，人们总是可以希望如此。
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